Speech-Language Pathologists

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example ndeavor of people, gatherings or associations; for endurance and incorporates strategies, plans and systems organized to endure and arrive at the ideal objectives/goals. As indicated by Mintzberg and Quinn (1996), technique could be named as productive on the off chance that it can highlight the results of administrative dynamic by fittingly channelizing its assets, thinks about plausible results, and battle the serious powers inside the business. As indicated by Vijeon and Dan (2003), â€Å"Strategy is the administration of the interface between the exercises of the association and the changing condition wherein it works. This procedure includes a lot of vulnerability, novel circumstances and absence of firm data to be automated†. This way of thinking sees the procedure of system development as a procedure of origination. The fundamental basic methodology in this way of thinking sees procedure plan as a purposeful procedure whereby the inner authoritative elements are frequently connected with its outside condition. The essential element of this way of thinking lies in its straightforwardness and the capacity to decrease vagueness. Be that as it may, clearly straightforward procedure is frequently connected with high level of hazard in twisting reality. The Planning School sees the procedure of technique detailing as a proper procedure whereby severe advances are taken to guarantee a suitable investigation of the circumstance directly from the origination stage to the last execution of the proposed methodology. It helps in giving a superior comprehension of the procedure of asset allotment and helps the specialists in practicing power over the technique arranging process. Despite the fact that it may now and again become excessively static and exercises like gathering thinking and anticipating may get bulky and troublesome. This way of thinking expect vital arranging as an expository procedure and spots the business inside the setting of an industry so as to determine the way where associations

How to Write an Analytical Essay Topic - Find Out How to Write Good Analytical Essay Topics

How to Write an Analytical Essay Topic - Find Out How to Write Good Analytical Essay TopicsAnalytical essays should focus on a single topic. And when analyzing an analytical essay topic, you should select the one that is most suited to the content and format of your writing. This means that in choosing an analytical essay topic, you have to find out which topic would best suit your academic needs. The three main analytical essay topics are: History, Politics, and Science.So, what is so special about these three topics? And how would you go about selecting one of these three topics for writing an analytical essay? Well, this depends on the personality and skills of the student. On the other hand, some may need to choose an analytical essay topic based on which kind of writing they would prefer to do. It would definitely depend on the student's preferences.One thing to note in choosing analytical essay topics is that you should not try to jump from one topic to another. This may lead t o confusion as you don't know which to write first and that to last. So, consider the subject, theme and style of your writing. You could also use a group of topics that match your academic requirements.For example, if you're going to write a science thesis, then it would be better to choose a topic that is more related to your field of study. It would help if you have at least a general knowledge about the science.What if you've already finished the high school level and now plan to enter the college? Then you should keep in mind that you can't just start writing at the moment you finish the school.In your first year of college, it would be better to plan analytical essay topics that would help you get a firm foundation in your academic writing. This would also help you later on when you're in your second year. The purpose of doing this would be so that your analytical essays would be more effective in explaining the subject.The best analytical essay topics to choose would depend o n the strengths and weaknesses of the student. So, the most important thing to remember is that if you have difficulty in choosing one, then choose the one that you would find comfortable and easy to write.

Freakonomics - 854 Words

What is Freakonomics? Freakonomics is an interesting book that evokes a thoughtful and provocative analysis of human motivation and modern living. It shows you a common world through a totally different pair of lens. The author uses the raw data of economics to ask imaginative questions while it forces the reader to think cleverly and divertingly of the answers. His approach to economics was done in a very unconventional way- as a smart, curious explorer parallel to Christopher Columbus when he discovered the Americas. There is not one common theme in Freakonomics, instead the book is structured around four essential ideas: incentives are the basis of modern life, conventional wisdom is often wrong, dramatic effects often have†¦show more content†¦The principles of incentives, among the other basic mindsets are all visibly used throughout the rest of the book in solving the various problems presented. In the chapter â€Å"Why do crack dealers still live with their mothers?† these authors examine and compare how a Chicago gang mirrors that of many corporate companies. The authors use financial records kept by the gang to examine the pay system, and use the experiences of a young sociologist that lived among the gang to examine the reasons for joining and working for the gang. What the financial records show, is that the money earned through dealing is concentrated greatly among the top 2.2 percent of the members, much the same as any corporations like Wall-Mart or McDonalds. The ga ng even had its own â€Å"board of directors†, which was modeled off many businesses during the time. Incentives played a key role in the membership of the gang’s lower levels. The incentives of becoming the next drug lord, or the next big seller, were enough to draw members to positions that paid less than minimum wage and involve the risks of jail time and death. Although this would seem unlikely, a closer look reveals that dreams and incentives of these gang members are no different than that of a girl waitressing while she tries to make it in Hollywood. The author’s show the pull of incentives are seen in every aspect of life, whether it be drugShow MoreRelatedFreakonomics Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe book Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, is designed to pose fundamental questions concerning economics using a variety of imaginative comparisons and questions. Examples of these comparisons and questions can be seen in the list of c ontents, with chapter titles such as â€Å"How is the Ku Klux Klan like a group of real-estate agents?† and â€Å"Why do drug dealers still live with their moms?† Not everyone is interested in economics, but with titles that grab attention, it is almostRead MoreFreakonomics Essay737 Words   |  3 Pagesthe result was Freakonomics, a book that claims to explore the hidden side of everything, using real-life examples such as studies and polls conducted by Levitt to explain how economics is everywhere, that economics is how the world really functions. Through everything from analyzing the inner thought processes of real-estate agents and crack dealers, to predicting the next popular baby names, Levitt and Dubner guide readers to think differently, ask questions, and to use â€Å"Freakonomics† in their dailyRead MoreThesis Of Freakonomics1352 Words   |  6 Pages AP Macroeconomics Summer Homework Seohee Lee Period 5 I) Introduction Book Title: Freakonomics Author name: Steven D. Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner The author Steven Levitt studied economics at Harvard University and MIT. He is primarily known for his work in the field of crime. The title Freakonomics means a study of economics based on the principles of incentives. The title is related to the book since he emphasizes how incentives drive and affect people’s actions. Although this book does not haveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Freakonomics 1027 Words   |  5 PagesHailey Carrillo Mrs. Reinhart AP English Language and Composition 3 August 2016 Freakonomics 1. Give the title, author, genre, and date of original publication. Freakonomics is the title of this nonfiction book; it was written by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. On April 12, 2005, by HarperCollins. 2. What is author’s purpose for writing the book? Write a paragraph summarizing the main argument or purpose. In this unique book, economist Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. DubnerRead MoreA Critique on Freakonomics, A Nobel by Levitt and Dubner765 Words   |  3 PagesIn Levitt and Dubner’s novel, Freakonomics, they deal with the sensitive subject of abortions in chapter four. During this section, Levitt and Dubner are purposing that the drop of crime is not because of the many popular ideas they address but instead because of abortions becoming legalized. Providing proof to their argument, they list out all the popular ideas that many people believe to be the cause of the drop in crime and then one by one explain why these ideas could not fit into the massiveRead MoreFreakonomics : A Rogue Economist1538 Words   |  7 PagesIn what way are schoolteachers and sumo wrestlers similar? At first, this question might be puzzling, but the answer is provided in the book Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. Freakonomics is the result of a partnership between an award winning economist, Steven D. Levitt, and a journalist, Stephen J. Dubner. The duo decided upon making a book after Dubner was given an assignment to profile Levitt. Dubner realized that Levitt took a different approach to economicsRead MoreFreakonomics by Stephen Dubner and Stephen Levitt1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main reason both groups of people try to explain economics in simpler terms is because they both want to make economics accessible to the common person who may not completely understand economics. Another way that my economics class and the Freakonomics book are similar may be a little bit of a stretch, but it works anyway. Both things like to compare completely unlike things that you would never think to pair together in real life. For example, when I first started to learn about supply and demandRead MoreArgument Analysis : Freakonomics 1467 Words   |  6 PagesFreakonomics Argument Analysis: Chapter Three 1. Chapter three, Why Do Drug Dealers Still Live With Their Moms?, expresses an intriguing thought by authors, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. The Freakonomics authors follow a courageous man, Sudhir Venkatesh, a student at the University of Chicago, in his effort to understand and research the mysterious drug dealing business. Venkatesh first approached dangerous gangs and dealers in Chicago with a simple survey to learn more aboutRead MoreFreakonomics and Misconceptions of Economy Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesA number one bestseller many say is grasping in amazement: Freakonomics is said to unravel the untold stories of life. Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner break common misconceptions of economics by revealing its true science. Freakonomics shatters the view of economics being an arid study of finance and markets. They pull in information to make inferences on past occurrences subtly influence on the present. Freakonomics packs punches with its countle ss number of tables and figures, serving asRead MoreAn Analysis of Freakonomics, by Steven D. Levitt1585 Words   |  7 Pagesnumbers and graphs Levitt takes anomalies within the data to reveal truths obscured. It’s Levitt’s sociological take on economics that has set him apart from his peers with his heavy focus on incentives, choices, and the consequences they have. Freakonomics mirrors Levitt’s method since it’s a collection of stories he has uncovered or read, and the core economic principles are hidden within each story throughout the book, sometimes even in plain sight like how there are exactly as many chapters as

Critique Of Marquis s Argument Against Abortion - 1438 Words

A Critique of Marquis’s Argument Against Abortion Alice Lee Word Count: 1392 In Marquis’s Why Abortion is Immoral, Marquis presents his argument against abortion. The basic idea behind the argument is that, abortion is seriously morally wrong because it is the act of killing a human being with the right to live life. Additionally, abortion is seriously morally wrong in Marquis’s claim because it deprives a being of its future – a future that has the potential to be as worthy and as great as that of an human being – while he explains that the wrongfulness of murdering a fetus is superior to any excuse with a few exceptions. My aim in this paper is to show that the argument fails. In section I, I present the argument and explain the motive, reasoning, and purpose behind the various premises of Marquis. In section II, I present my further evaluation and critique of Marquis’s argument. Lastly, in section III, I will address the several objections that may be brought upon against my thoughts and criticisms. I. Marquis’s Argument In presentation of Marquis’s Argument: â€Å"Abortion, except perhaps in rare instances, is seriously wrong [and] all humans, whatever their race, gender, religion or age, have the right to life.† (Marquis, 754-756). A more detailed version can be outlined as follows: (B1) The unborn are beings with â€Å"futures like ours.† (FLOs) (B2) It is morally impermissible to end the life of something with a future like ours. (B3) So, having an abortion isShow MoreRelatedThe Is An Immoral Act1640 Words   |  7 PagesThomson and Don Marquis wrote two of the most influential articles about it. Thomson wote† A defense of abortiona† and Marquis wrote:†Why Abortion Is Immoral†..an importante issue is ‘Unwanted Pragnency† . In a family where everyone is working full time, another baby is not an option so the mother decides to terminate the pregnancy.. Is this choice morall or immoral.? Marquis argues that a fetus is considered a human from the moment of conservation. If the mother performs the abortion, then she isRead MoreSummary and Critique of Don Maquis- Anti-Abortion Argument2015 Words   |  9 PagesSummary and Critique of Don Maquis- Anti-Abortion Argument The key element of Don Marquis argument is in the effort to distinguish the difference between abortion and contraception in order to provide a clear argument against abortion, aside from extreme cases. Without conflicting with the interest of the general public by being forced to suggest contraception is ethically wrong as well. When he compiles his argument he begins by providing the argument for a ‘pro-choice’ approach which makes theRead MoreA Philosophical Analysis Of Assisted Suicide Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesvoluntarily ending one s life has always been a topic of much debate. This essay will be split into two joint parts. Firstly, I will identify and analyze two major ethical issues of the death with dignity debate, while looking at the contrasting viewpoints of Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. Secondly, I will reflect and critique on the issue of assisted suicide from a fairly personal standpoint. I. Analyzing the Death with Dignity Debate There are many different major ethical arguments that might be intertwinedRead MoreA Modern Controversy: the Case of George Tiller Essay8892 Words   |  36 Pageswomen in need of help. For two decades, Dr Tiller spent his life looking over his shoulder. He had become a lightning rod for anti-abortion activists and in 1993 survived an attempt on his life. He rarely talked about his work for fear of attacks against himself or his family. Dr Tillers clinic was one of three in the US that offered what are known as late-term abortions. WHAT IS LATE TERM?Late term mostly centres on the notion of the viability of the foetus - this is widely interpreted as when

Tender Methodology Report For Building -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Tender Methodology Report For Building. Answer: Goals The goal of the project is to provide a suitable, permanent and purpose-built premise for DMHDS. This will facilitate the Studys vision of promoting research about human health, behavior and development(DMHDRU, 2017). It has been specially designed by prioritizing the needs of the Study members(University of Otago, 2017). The building will help in protecting Study members identities. It has a private entrance and parking that will keep disguised identities of the Study members returning to the university after several years of study in various parts of the world. This project has numerous potential constraints and risks. Some of these are discussed below Constraints Design constraints these are factors that limit potential design options for the project. They include performance requirements, the budget, completion date, site conditions, available technology, labor, materials and plant, neighboring buildings or properties, etc. Technical constraints these are usually processes that may affect execution of construction activities, especially those related to building standards and practicality of construction methods used. Economic constraints these constraints are the ones related to budget of the project, how resources are located and overall cash flow. Management constraints these are constraints related to how the project is managed in terms of resource allocation, working practices, safety procedures, requirements for overtime, working shift patterns, materials delivery, etc.(Enshassi Mos, 2008) Legal constraints these are constraints related to the need for all construction processes and activities to conform to specific regulations and standards(Kinnaresh, 2013). They include safety requirements, environmental requirements, employment law, etc. Environmental constraints these are factors related to geographical location, hazardous materials, traffic, geological features, noise, air pollution, preservation of wildlife, etc.(Mirzaei Mabin, 2014) Social constraints these are factors that can be caused by opposing, personal or conflict of interests in the project from the public or other organizations. They are usually escalated by media pressure and public concern. Third parties this is another category of constraints that are caused by views of third parties, who are not involved in day-to-day activities of the project. Risks Financial risks these are very common risks in construction projects and can be caused by price fluctuations, inflation, payment delays, design changes or variations that increase cost and local taxes. Technical risks these are risks that can be caused by incomplete design, insufficient site exploration, inappropriate design specifications, uncertainty on availability and sources of construction materials and labour, changes in project requirements or scope, design omissions or errors, etc.(Menard, 2017) Logistical risks these are risks that can be caused by insufficient or unavailability of appropriate transportation facilities and unavailability of construction resources, such as construction equipment, labour, fuel, spare parts, etc.(Ehsan, Alam, Mirza, Ishaque, (n.d.)). These risks can cause huge project losses and delays. Legal risks these are law-related risks and can be caused by late contract payment or extras, delayed dispute resolution, contractor insolvency, negotiation of change order, etc. Environmental risks these are risks that can be caused by natural disasters and unfavorable weather conditions that can delay construction process(Jayasudha Vidivelli, 2016). These risks are usually overlooked by contractors who are now familiar with local weather conditions and can result into huge losses and delays. Management risks these are risks caused by inappropriate allocation and utilization of resources, poor planning, poor work supervision, poor pay, untimely delivery of materials, insufficient skilled employees, and inappropriate assigning of roles and responsibilities, among others(Rezakhani, 2012). Socio-political risks these are risks resulting from requirements to meet specific codes and regulations where the project is being implemented. Main elements of permanent works Some elements of permanent works of the building are: Substructure The substructure of the building will be made up of a strip foundation. The strip foundation will be constructed below the ground. Its main function is to transmit dead and live loads from the superstructure to the ground. The substructure will mainly be constructed using concrete, steel reinforcement and concrete blocks. Envelope The building will have a tight envelope to enhance thermal insulation. Some of the elements of the envelope include: exterior walls, roof, floors, external doors and fenestrations (windows, clerestories and skylights)(Autodesk, 2017). The envelope has been designed such that it provides a comfortable indoor environment and minimizes the amount of energy consumed by the building. External walls are made of concrete blocks with fiber cement sheets on the outside surface. The concrete blocks have been specifically used to provide insulation. The floor is made of concrete slab of high-mass. The roof is light to absorb more natural light. In general, the envelope has been designed to perform the following functions: control functions, support functions, finish functions and distribution functions(Lemieux Totten, 2016). Interior The interior of the building comprises of the following components: columns, beams, curtail wall, internal partitioning and stairs. The columns are reinforced concreted square columns. Beams used are I-steel beams. The curtain walls of the building are aluminium-framed with fiber cement in-fills. The framing has been attached to the structure of the building but it does not support loads from the roof or floor(Vigener Brown, 2016). The curtail walls are opaque to provide the necessary privacy in the building. Internal partitioning of the building has been made using reinforced concrete. The stairs of the building are made of reinforced concrete. Building services Below are the major building services: Electrical services Their main purpose is to ensure that the building is properly and adequately supplied with electricity. They entail design and installation of concealed electrical conduits, electrical cables, distribution board, electrical panel, power sockets, lighting fixtures (internal, external and emergency lights) and the entire wiring process. The services include how normal, emergency and standby power is supplied and distributed in the building. They also include installation of necessary data, telephone, video and audio equipment. Mechanical services Their main purpose is to ensure that the building is supplied with adequate water, fresh air and that the occupants are safe from fire hazards. They include heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) to control thermal comfort of the building; site drainage to ensure that waste water is properly removed from the building; plumbing that ensures appropriate distribution of water in the building; rainwater harvesting and management system; fire protection that includes laying of water supply pipes, fire alarm system, automatic fire detection systems, sprinkler system, smoke detectors, etc.; exhaust fans; acoustic insulation; and chillers. Building operation services Their main purpose is to ensure that the building is able to serve its intended purpose in the best way possible. They comprise of various services within the building, including walkways, parking, food services (such as refrigeration), automated lighting, environmental controls and energy management systems, among others. To ensure safety, components of these services must be purchased from certified manufacturers and suppliers, and their installation done by qualified MEP professionals or subcontractors. The installation should be done in accordance with design layouts. To avoid rework, all the services shall be considered and included in the design layouts of the building. This means that each building service will be clearly included and the exact position where to be install shall be specified. Installation of each service shall also be done through continuous consultation with each subcontractor. In other words, each subcontractor will inform the other about the work or services they are about to install to ensure that they do not interfere with the work of others. Last but not least, construction of all building services shall be supervised closely to ensure that it is done in accordance with the required engineering standards and design layouts. Types of bracing elements Some of the various types of bracing elements used to provide lateral stability are: Diagonal bracing There are two types of diagonal bracing: single diagonal bracing and double diagonal bracing. Single diagonal bracing is a bracing element where one rod, tube or pipe is fixed transversely in a rectangular or square structural frame(Jagadish Doshi, 2013). Double diagonal bracing, also known as X-bracing(Star Buildings Systems, 2017), is a bracing element where a building is braced by rods, tubes or pipes arranged diagonally across each other, making an X(Jesumi Rajendran, 2013). Figure 1 and 2 below are schematic diagrams of single and diagonal bracings. Figure 1: Single diagonal bracing(Designing Buildings Ltd, 2017) Figure 2: Double diagonal bracing(Designing Buildings Ltd, 2017) V-bracing In this system, two diagonal bracing members extend from the two corners of a top horizontal member and meet at the centre of the lower horizontal member, making a V-shape as shown in Figure 3 below. Figure 3: V-bracing(Designing Buildings Ltd, 2017) Inverted V-bracing This is also referred to as chevron bracing. It is where two diagonal bracing members extend from corners of a bottom horizontal member and meet at the centre of the top horizontal member(Eghtesadi, Nourzadeh, Bargi, 2011), making an inverted V as shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4: Inverted V-bracing(Designing Buildings Ltd, 2017) K-bracing This is a bracing element where bracing members meet at mid-height of columns, as shown in Figure 5 below. It is more flexible in terms of allowing openings such as doors and windows. It also causes the least floor beams bending. This bracing system is not recommended in seismic prone areas due to possibility of the column failing when the brace buckles are subjected to compression. Figure 5: K-bracing element(Designing Buildings Ltd, 2017) Eccentric bracing This is bracing element that is commonly used in buildings found in seismic prone areas. It resembles inverted V-bracing but instead of its bracing components meeting at the apex, they leave some space between them as shown in Figure 6 below. Figure 6: Eccentric bracing element(Siddiqi Hameed, 2014) The bracing elements used on the proposed building is eccentric bracing and inverted V-bracing. These bracing elements provide significant resistance to lateral loads and space for necessary openings, such as doors and windows. Options for structural frames Structural frames for the building can be made using different materials. These include: precast concrete, in-situ concrete, structural steel and structural timber. Each of these materials has its own pros and cons. They vary in terms of strength, cost, speed of construction, safety, availability, design possibilities and environmental impact, among others. Some of the comparisons of these materials are as shown in Table 1 below Table 1: Comparison of structural precast concrete, in-situ concrete, steel and timber frames Pre-cast concrete In-situ concrete Structural steel Structural timber Materials used It is mainly made up of cement, aggregates, sand, water and additives It comprises of cement, aggregates, sand, water and additives (some can contain reinforcement fiber) It comprises of steel material It is pieces of wood Timing requirements It can be stored for a long period of time before use as long as the storage space contain the right conditions Must be used immediately after being prepared Can be stored for long periods before use, as long as it is treated and stored properly Has high construction time especially cross-laminated timber (CLT)(International Timber, 2015) Can be stored for long periods before use provided it is treated, preserved and stored properly Site constraints Requires minimal skill to erect It can be stored in open space but not for so long before use Requires a large storage space since it cannot be stored in piles It cannot be prepared in rainy conditions It cannot be stored after preparation hence must be used immediately It has more wastes It has to be stored in a covered structure to avoid damage by rain and chemical attack Requires fewer workers thus reducing construction cost(McGar, 2015). It must be stored indoors or in a covered storage area to protect it against moisture, insects, moulds, bacteria, etc.(WA Steel Sales, 2016) Handling it is easy and does not need any special equipment It can be stockpiled thus saving space on site Transport constraints It is relatively heavy depending on size It does not have special transportation requirements It is usually heavy depending on quantity Since it is prepared on site and used immediately, it can be transported using any type of container, including wheelbarrows, dumpers, buckets, etc. It is the lightest hence easier to transport Has to be transported in bunches using trucks During transportation, it must be secured properly to prevent injuring road users It is lighter than concrete but heavier than steel, but generally easy to transport It is usually transported in trucks and must be covered in case of rain Fire rating High fire rating High fire rating Moderate fire rating because it can melt and soften when exposed to very high temperature Low fire rating thus it requires extra fireproofing treatments Flexibility to make changes It cannot be changed It is only flexible when being poured or placed Cannot be changed after setting Easy to make changes as it can be cut and welded quickly during construction Easy to make changes Two types of cladding systems Cladding systems are different types of panels made from different materials and installed so as to cover the exterior of a building to protect it from weather effects and also enhance its aesthetic appeal(AFS International, 2016). Besides protecting the buildings exterior, cladding systems also protect its interior from elements of harsh weather(Team WFM, 2017). Cladding systems directly influence construction cost of the building and value of the property after construction. The two types of cladding systems discussed here are: timber cladding and fiber cement cladding. Timber cladding is one of the commonest types of cladding. It is suitable for all styles of buildings and come in panels, shingles or boards(Gibson, 2010). It usually gives the building a natural look and elegance. It is suitable for both exteriors and interiors(Team WFM, 2017). Fiber cement cladding comprises of sheets installed on the exteriors of the building. The sheets are made of compressed cement, sand and ce llular fiber. Timber cladding system Fiber cement cladding system Materials used It is made of pieces of wood that are usually fabricated in factories. The timber claddings come in form of boards. It is made of cement, sand and cellular fiber. It is manufactured in factories and comes in form of sheets. Timing requirements Wood can be stored for a long time before use as long as it is protected against attacks, including extreme weather conditions, bacteria, insects, etc. But if there is no proper storage facility on site, timber cladding boards or panels must be used immediately. It is resistant to majority of external attacks, including extreme heat, rain, chemicals, insects and bacteria. For this reason, it can be stored for longer periods before installation. Installation sequence It is lighter than fiber cement thus installation can be quick After being delivered on site, the timber is cut into desired sizes and stored for a few days to allow time for acclimatization and shrinking before installation Timber battens are nailed on the external wall (if the wall is uneven and in bad condition) or else a strong adhesive can be used The timber cladding boards are vacuumed and wiped to remove dirt then two coats of chosen finish are applied on all sides. A third coat is usually applied after fixing the boards(Metsa Wood, 2016). A small hole is drilled in the board then it is fixed on the wall by driving a pin through the hole The next board is placed in its positioned and pinned. This continues until the whole wall has been cladded All pin holes are then filled with a color-matching wood filler(Homebase, 2017) It is usually heavy thus the uncut sheets must be carried by at least two people It is fragile and so should be handled with care during installation or else it can break Before installation, the fiber cement sheets are cut in the right sizes using metal hand shears or mechanized saw The surface of wall is also prepared using sand paper or other tools to make it smooth and remove dirt To install, the sheet flush is held by one person against the studwork as the other person nails it in place Besides nailing, the sheets can also be by screwing them in place or using hook fixings Weather-proofing principles It is vulnerable to weather conditions including rain and extreme heat and so it must be specially treated or painted to enhance its resistance to some weather conditions UV protection oil and other treatments can be used to reduce its vulnerability to weather conditions Thermal modification is another approach of enhancing weather-proof properties of timber cladding(Brinsmead, 2016) It is resistant to extreme weather conditions such as rain, frost, snow and wind(Hardie, 2012) Fire properties It is highly flammable although flame retardants can be used to make it less flammable(TDCA, 2016) Over 90% of the product is inflammable material, which makes it resistant to fire(United Home Experts, 2017) Durability It is susceptible to damage caused by weather conditions, insects, bacteria, etc., which reduces its durability Durability of timber cladding largely depends on how it is maintained. If properly maintained, it can last for a number of years Special treatment can also be used during manufacturing to increase its durability(DoItYourself, (n.d.)) It has high resistance to impact making it withstand physical damages. Since the product is made of cement, it is resistant to rot and insect attack It is resistant to color fading, cracking, rotting and warping, making it more durable Its durability can be increased by repainting, which is usually done after 10 to 15 years(Savannah Roofing Experts, 2016) Fiber cement sheets usually have 10-year warranties that cover basic defects like peeling and cracking. Their typical lifespan is 40 years and above(Self-Build.co.uk, 2015) High durability of fiber cement cladding makes it suitable for use in areas prone to geotechnical or seismic movement(Reardorn, 2013). Maintenance requirements It has moderate maintenance needs, which usually entail regular staining or painting so as to protect it against elements and maintain its natural attractiveness(Wakeling, (n.d.)). It also requires regular treatment to protect it against insects, bacteria and moulds. It has very low maintenance needs if compared with timber cladding. The only maintenance required is repainting or reapplying caulk on the edges of the fiber cement sheets in case they start rotting(Allura USA, 2015). Based on the two cladding systems, fiber cement is recommended for this project. Both cladding systems are suitable but fiber cement is more durable, fireproof, weatherproof and low cost. The fact that it has very minimal maintenance needs means that its total cost over the entire lifespan is low. Additionally, fiber cement is among the contemporary cladding systems with versatile design options hence it will give the building a remarkable look and comfortable indoor environment. Types of suspended floor systems The two types of suspended floor systems discussed are: suspended concrete floor system and suspended timber flow system Suspended concrete floor system this is a type of flooring system that is made of concrete slab, beams or planks suspended from the bearing walls. Two or more edges of a suspended concrete floor is usually supported on columns, beams or walls, which also carry the self-weight of the floor(The Concrete Society, 2016). It can be made of pre-cast concrete, in-situ concrete or reinforced concrete. Figure 7: Schematic diagram of suspended concrete floor system(Supreme Concrete, 2017) Suspended timber floor system this is a type of flooring system made of timber joists that are suspended from the bearing walls and covered with high quality panels of groove and tongue or floor boards. This floor system have spaces below them. These spaces area ventilated by air from the outside of external wall through air bricks and their internal wall have gaps that facilitate flow of air across the building and below the floors so that moisture is not allowed to accumulate in the timber, which could otherwise cause moulds and fungal attack(PracticalDIY.com, 2017). Figure 8 below is a schematic diagram showing various parts of a suspended timber floor system Figure 8: Schematic diagram of a suspended timber floor system(DIY Network, 2017) Comparisons of these two types of suspended floor systems are provided in Table 2 below Table 2: Comparisons of suspended timber and suspended concrete floor systems Suspended timber floor system Suspended concrete floor system Materials used It is mainly made of timber joists that are joined with nails, iron loops, plates, etc. The timber joists can be fixed directly in the superstructure wall or supported using metal joist hangers. The general materials used to make a suspended timber floor include: damp-proof course, support walling blocks, air vents, polythene membrane, floor joists, nails, insulation sheets, water-resistant decking(Snell, 2015). It is mainly made of concrete (cement, sand and aggregates). In some cases, it may contain reinforcement fiber. The general materials used to make a suspended concrete floor include: adaptor vents, air bricks, floor blocks, floor beams, air vents, insulation sheets, membrane, insulation sheets, mesh reinforcement, infill pre-cast blocks, T-beam and premix screed. Installation sequence The first thing to do is to make sure that concrete floor that is set to receive the suspended timber floor systems weight is of adequate strength. Sleeper walls are erected at the suitable layout of the design and are honey combed to ensure sufficient ventilation(5KC, 2009). Damp proof course is applied at suitable level Wall plates are placed appropriately on the damp proof course, on top of sleeper walls Floor joists are placed at the predetermined intervals on top of the wall plates The floor boards are placed across the timber joists then nailed appropriately The process ends by installing vents in external walls off the building so as to provide adequate ventilation to the timber. This will ensure proper fresh air circulation and keep the timber dry thus preventing decay(Flynn, 2013). The first thing is to ensure that pre-cast concrete beams or pre-cast concrete planks and concrete blocks to be used are available on site. The contractor must ensure that the floor system installed to the designed layout placing any detail carefully to avoid mistakes and rework Once the beams are delivered on site, they are offloaded and stacked on timbers The beams are lifted, using a crane, and lowered in the right positions After ensuring that the beams are centrally located, pre-cast concrete blocks are placed between beams. Mortar bed is placed for the end slip pre-cast concrete block Closure slip pre-cast concrete blocks are then cut so as to suit the pre-determined centres then mortar is placed to the end blocks to close the slop After installing th pre-cast concrete blocks, the entire floor is grouted using 1:3 cement to coarse sand mix to create a homogenous structure(Travis Perkins, 2015). But before grouting, the floor is cleaned thoroughly and wetted so as to ensure that the seal is effective(Cemex, 2017). Air vents are also installed below the floor to provide adequate ventilation and prevent dampness problems(i-brick.com, 2012) Timing requirements Suspended timber floor does not have any need to hurry during installation. As long as the timber joists to be used are stored properly, the contractor or homeowner can choose when to install the floor. This floor system can be installed quickly and in any weather condition, provided the contractor has the skill However, speed of installation is usually reduced by the need to cut the timber joists into desired sizes Since this floor system is constructed using pre-cast concrete beams and blocks, it takes very little time. Once the pre-cast concrete beams and blocks are delivered on site, the contractor or homeowner can install them at any time. Remember that the pre-cast beams and blocks will have been made in the desired shapes and sizes, so no cutting on site. This helps in reducing installation time Cost implications Depending on the availability of timber, the total cost of installing a suspended timber floor is usually lower than that of suspended concrete floor(Rock, 2016). However, this floor system deteriorate quickly and easily when exposed to moisture, insects, moulds or physical damage. In such situations, the suspended floor stars forming creaks and squeaks(Pilkington, 2017). This increases their overall maintenance costs. The total cost of installing a suspended concrete floor is usually slightly higher than that of a suspended timber floor system. However, suspended concrete floor has little maintenance requirements due to their weatherproof properties and durability. This reduces their overall maintenance costs. So suspended concrete floor has low overall cost throughout its entire lifespan. It is also worth noting that the cost of installation varies depending on the type of suspended concrete floor finishes(Riha, (n.d.)). From the comparisons of the two types of suspended floor systems, the recommended system for the project is suspended concrete floor system. This system is easy and quick to install, it has unlimited design options, provides unique finishes, has low maintenance costs, and its overall lifecycle cost is lower than that of suspended timber floor system. Principles of passive fire design and factors to consider Design principles Some of the key principles of passive fire design are: Design of passive fire must be done as part of the buildings architectural design. In other words, design of passive fire system has to be integrated in the buildings architectural design to ensure that it is well-matched with the entire building components. Passive fire system must include blast and fire resistant walls, windows and doors. These elements must meet the minimum blast and fire resistance ratings in the area where the building is constructed and specific requirements of the building. Building materials used should be fire-resistant and thermal barriers to reduce spreading of fire and insulate other components against heat. For example, structural frame should be made of fire-resistance materials like concrete or treated timber or steel(Newman, 2016). The passive fire system designed must be able to contain and reduce spread of flames and fire in case of a fire outbreak in the building(Wolters Kluwer, 2012). This can be achieved by ensuring that the building is divided into various compartments, each with a specific purpose. This means that the walls, windows and doors should help in sealing various compartments of the building effectively and prevent fire from spreading throughout the building. In case of fire and before it starts spreading, the passive fire system should enable occupants of the building to evacuate effectively, quickly and safely. To achieve this, the passive fire system has to contain the fire for a particular period to facilitate evacuation and also extinguishing the fire. Partitioning walls of the building should be designed to run continuously from the ground floor to top floor so as to create an uninterrupted barrier to fire. If the partitions, ceilings or floors have any openings, they must be as small as possible to reduce spread of fire. These openings should also be protected so as to enhance fire resistance. Compartmentation, which includes firewalls, fire barriers (such as fire-rated ceilings, floors and walls), smoke barriers and fire partitions, should be used to control spread of fire within the building and also facilitate safe egress(Aker, 2008). These components should also be structurally stable to retain the buildings structural frame even if the building burns. Cavities in ceilings and walls, and other openings found around conduits, pipework and service ducts should be fire-protected in areas where they penetrate or pass across partitioning boundaries. All ducting, including air conditioning, should have fire dampers in areas where they pass through partitioning boundaries in order to regulate spread of smoke and fire(Fire Protection Association, 2009). The fire-resisting ducts used should also be tested to ensure that they comply with the appropriate building standards requirements. There should be fire dampers at various locations where pipes/conduits pass through the floor, wall or ceiling so as to reduce spread of fire and smoke. The building should also be designed with a roof venting. This system helps in removing hot gases and smoke from the building, which limits spread of smoke and fire thus enhancing firefighting. It is also the role of a passive fire system to maintain structural integrity of the building in case of fire outbreak(Bok, 2016). This means that the system has to contain the fire to reduce the risk of damaging the building or its collapse. The fire protection system must be included in the buildings fire safety design plan to ensure that it works together with other fire safety systems, such as active fire protection systems. Factors to consider when designing and constructing passive fire systems The following are some of the factors that should be considered when designing and constructing passive fire systems: Potential risks passive fire protection systems should be designed and constructed based on findings of a quantitative risk analysis. The analysis helps in identifying potential risks and suitable approaches or eliminating or mitigating them. Stakeholder involvement it is important to involve all stakeholders of the project in the design and construction of passive fire protection systems. This allows stakeholders to give their opinions on best practices and also to understand their roles and how they are expected to participate in ensuring that the systems are properly designed and constructed. Materials used designers of passive fire protection systems should choose materials carefully to ensure that they meet the threshold of containing fire and smoke, and stopping them from spreading. Legislation it is also important to ensure that the passive fire protection system is designed and constructed in accordance with the engineering codes and standards of the area where the building is being constructed. Partitions maximum floor areas if the potential fire risk within a planned partition is greater, the floor area should be less than the typical sizes. Enclosure of these floors should also be made of high-rated fire-resisting materials. Storage for hazardous materials if the building has any hazardous or explosive materials, they must be stored in separate storage facilities. The facilities should be made of thick concrete walls and padlocked doors facing away from occupants (to the open air) but which can be easily accessed by firefighters. Unprotected openings fire resisting walls should not have any unprotected openings Fire escapes their width should be at least 1m or wider so as to accommodate more people in case of a fire outbreak(Stewart, 2016). Fire doors they should seal automatically when temperatures get very hot, otherwise they have to remain open facing the fire escapes. Expertise this is another crucial design and construction factor for consideration. It is very important to ensure that passive fire protection systems are designed and constructed by qualified personnel. References: 5KC. (2009, April 5). Suspended timber floors and their construction. Retrieved from 5KC Limited: https://www.5kc.co.uk/suspended-timber-floors-and-their-construction AFS International. (2016). Cladding systems. Retrieved from Architectural Facade Solutions: https://architectural-facade-solutions.com/architectural-cladding-systems-facade/ Aker, J. (2008, April 1). The basics of passive fire protection . Retrieved from https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-passive-fire-protection- Allura USA. (2015, November 23). 23 benefits of fiber cement siding for builders, contractors, and homeowners. Retrieved from Allura USA: https://www.allurausa.com/blog/benefits-of-fiber-cement-siding Autodesk. (2017). Building envelope. Retrieved from Autodesk Inc.: https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/building-envelope Bok, P. (2016, September 26). The principles of passive fire protection. Retrieved from Van Dam: https://blog.van-dam.nl/principles-of-passive-fire-protection Brinsmead, N. (2016, March 24). Timber cladding. Retrieved from Homebuilding Renovating: https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/timber-cladding/ Cemex. (2017). Beam and block floor - installation guidelines. Retrieved from Cemex: https://www.cemex.co.uk/floor-installation-guide.aspx Designing Buildings Ltd. (2017, July 17). Braced frame structures. Retrieved from Designing Buildings Wiki: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Braced_frame_structures DIY Network. (2017). Floor construction methods. Retrieved from DIY Network: https://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/floors/floor-construction-methods-pictures DMHDRU. (2017). About us. Retrieved from University of Otago: https://dunedinstudy.otago.ac.nz/about-us DMHDRU. (2017, March 8). Dunedin Study new home officially opened. Retrieved from University of Otago: https://dunedinstudy.otago.ac.nz/news-and-events/article/54 DoItYourself. ((n.d.)). Advantages of timber cladding. Retrieved from DoItYourself.com: https://www.doityourself.com/stry/advantages-of-timber-cladding Eghtesadi, S., Nourzadeh, D., Bargi, K. (2011). Comparative study on different types of bracing systems in steel structures. International Confernce on Modeling Simulation (pp. 1863-1867). Paris: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Ehsan, N., Alam, M., Mirza, E., Ishaque, A. ((n.d.)). Risk management in construction industry. Retrieved from Meeting.edu.cn: https://www.meeting.edu.cn/meeting/UploadPapers/1282726331593.pdf Enshassi, A., Mos, J. (2008). Risk management in building projects: owners perspective. The Islamic University Journal, 95-123. Fire Protection Association. (2009). Design guide for the protection of buildings, food processing factories 1: design principles. Paris: Fire Protection Association. Flynn, C. (2013). Suspended timber floor. Retrieved from Construction Studies Q1: www.constructionstudiesq1.weebly.com/suspended-timber-floor.html Gibson, C. (2010, July 9). Types of cladding. Retrieved from Home Improvement Pages: https://www.homeimprovementpages.com.au/article/types_of_cladding Hardie, P. (2012, October 11). Top 4 benefits of fiber cement siding. Retrieved from Eco Vision Sustainable Learning Center: https://ecovisionslc.org/top-4-benefits-of-fiber-cement-siding/ Homebase. (2017). How to put up cladding. Retrieved from Homebase: https://www.homebase.co.uk/en/static/how-to-put-up-cladding i-brick.com. (2012). How to - install a block and beam floor. Retrieved from i-brick.com. International Timber. (2015, July 30). 5 reasons timber is superior to steel and brick. Retrieved from International Timber: https://www.internationaltimber.com/news/timber/5-reasons-timber-is-superior-to-steel-and-brick Jagadish, J., Doshi, T. (2013). A study on bracing systems on high rise steel structures. International Journal of Engineering Research Technology, 1672-1676. Jayasudha, K., Vidivelli, B. (2016). Analysis of major risks in construction projects. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , 6943-6950. Jesumi, A., Rajendran, M. (2013). Optimal bracing system for steel toowers. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 729-732. Kinnaresh, P. (2013). A study on risk assessment and its management in India. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 64-67. Lemieux, D., Totten, P. (2016, May 10). Building envelope design. Retrieved from Whole Building Design Guide: https://www.wbdg.org/systems-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/wall-systems McAvinue, S. (2017, January 26). Dunedin Study welcomed to new home. Retrieved from Otago Daily News: https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dunedin-study-welcomed-new-home McGar, J. (2015, February 26). Timber vs steel vs concrete structures. Retrieved from Sourceable: https://sourceable.net/timber-vs-steel-vs-concrete-structures/ Menard, S. (2017, March 2). The types of risks in construction projects. Retrieved from eSUB: https://esub.com/the-types-of-risks-in-construction-projects-to-watch-out-for/ Metsa Wood. (2016). Softwood cladding fixing instructions. Retrieved from Metsa Wood: https://www.metsawood.com/uk/Products/exterior-cladding/softwood-exterior-cladding/Pages/Softwood-cladding-fixing-instructions.aspx# Mirzaei, M., Mabin, V. (2014). Exploring constraints in projects: a construction industry case study. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. Newman, R. (2016, September 2). Designing for passive fire protection in buildings. Retrieved from International Fire Protection: https://ifpmag.mdmpublishing.com/designing-for-passive-fire-protection-in-buildings/ Pilkington, S. (2017, January 19). Concrete vs timber floors. Retrieved from BTL Property Services Ltd: https://www.btlpropertyltd.co.uk/blog/build/concrete-vs-timber-floors/ PracticalDIY.com. (2017). Different types of ground floor suspended flooring. Retrieved from PracticalDIY.com: https://www.practicaldiy.com/general-building/flooring/suspended-timber-flooring.php Reardorn, C. (2013). Cladding systems. Retrieved from YourHome: https://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/cladding-systems Rezakhani, P. (2012, March 30). Classifying key risk factors in construction projects. Retrieved from Kyungpook National University: https://www.bipcons.ce.tuiasi.ro/Archive/292.pdf Riha, J. ((n.d.)). The pros and cons of concrete flooring. Retrieved from DIY Network: https://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/rooms-and-spaces/floors/the-pros-and-cons-of-concrete-flooring Rock, I. (2016, June 27). How to choose a floor structure. Retrieved from Homebuilding Renovating: https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/floor-structure-guide/ Savannah Roofing Experts. (2016, September 27). Advantages and disadvantages of fiber cement siding. Retrieved from Savannah Roofing Experts: https://www.savannahroofingexperts.com/advantages-disadvantages-fiber-cement-siding/ Self-Build.co.uk. (2015, May). Fibre-cement cladding explained. Retrieved from Self-Build.co.uk: https://www.self-build.co.uk/fibre-cement-cladding-explained Siddiqi, Z., Hameed, R. A. (2014). Comparison of different bracing systems for tall buildings. Pak. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 17-26. Snell, D. (2015, December 22). Comparing ground floor structure costs. Retrieved from Homebuilding Renovating: https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/comparing-floor-structure-costs/ Star Buildings Systems. (2017). Bracing elements 101. Retrieved from Star Buildings Systems: https://blog.starbuildings.com/bracing-elements-101/ Stewart, R. (2016, December 18). Factors designers should consider when designing a fire protection system. Retrieved from LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/factors-designers-should-consider-when-designing-fire-roy-stuart Supreme Concrete. (2017). Suspended beam block floor. Retrieved from Supreme Concrete: https://www.supremeconcrete.co.uk/general/suspended-beam-and-block-floors/ TDCA. (2016). Benefits of exterior timber cladding. Retrieved from Timber Decking and Cladding Association : https://www.tdca.org.uk/timber-cladding/benefits-of-exterior-timber-cladding/ Team WFM. (2017, January 16). Different types of cladding material. Retrieved from WFM : https://www.wfm.co.in/cladding-materials-types/ The Concrete Society. (2016). Suspended floors. Retrieved from The Concrete Society: https://www.concrete.org.uk/fingertips-nuggets.asp?cmd=displayid=245 Travis Perkins. (2015). Ground floor - block beam. Retrieved from Sustainable Building Solutions: https://www.sustainablebuildingsolutions.co.uk/solution-data-sheets/ground-floor-block-beam United Home Experts. (2017). 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Fire protection considerations in new premises. Retrieved from Wolters Kluwer: https://app.croneri.co.uk/feature-articles/fire-protection-considerations-new-premises?product=21

Songs Lost Sister Essays - Chinese Women, Women In China

Song's Lost Sister Cathy Songs poem Lost Sister explores the lives of two generations of Chinese women. One generation chooses to leave China and begin a new life in America. the other chose to remain in China and experience her culture the way it was meant to be. This is a comparison of the two generations of women and how they are linked by culture and seperated by lifestyle. In China, women were put in subservient positions to society. They were quiet, obedient creatures who gathered patience. Song speaks of how women learned to provide for their families, as they were learning to stretch the family rice. Women were expected to serve a purpose and be seen and not heard. The following generation chose to go to America and lead a very different kind of life. American culture is vastly different from that of China and women are given the opportunity to experience freedom as a a first class citizen. This collective is described as a sister across the ocean, who relinquished her name, giving the reader the impression that this generation was rebelliously rejecting her culture, diluting jade green with the blue of the Pacific. However, these women were both losing and gaining by their choices. Chinese women who chose to remain in China traded freedom for their culture. They were afraid to leave the familiarity of their lives thee for an uncertain future in America Had they gone to America, they would have lost the opportunity to experience Chinese culture firsthand. They lose the freedom that the next generation would have and gained the experience of living in their native culture ane accepting it as a way of life. These women were admirable because of their strength to choose their culture and family over anything else. Their dedication is at a level close to monks and saints. They were able to find harmony in their lives because it was all they ever knew. The women who chose to go to America led a very different life. They were able to be free of Chinese expectations of women. they did not have to learn to walk in shoes the size of teacups, without breaking. Song indicates that In America, there are many roads and women can stride along with men. These women were able to experience life as people who were equal to men in society's eyes. If they had stayed in China they never would have had the chance to experience something other then their native culture. Song emphasizes the life of these women in America to point this out. She describes the sad loss of culture in America, the meager provisions and sentiments of once belonging and the possibilites, the loneliness, can strangulate like jungle vines. She refers to how these women speak Chinese, when in America people are making claims you don't understand. She offers a pale, stereotypical view on the extent of Chinese culture in America, where Americans are tapping into your communicat ion systems of laundry lines and restaurant chains. They lost the cultural experience that the previous generation was able to have and gained freedom. These women were admirable because of a different kind of strength. It takes a certain combination of dertermination and stubbornness to choose to flee their homeland. These women were, in fact, a very rebellious generation. Jade is referred to over and over in Song's poem. She states that even the peasants named their first daughters Jade. She uses a jade link to symbolized women who were born into Chinese culture, specifically handcuffed to the wrist of the generation of Chinese-American women. Song almost berates this generation, claiming that they need China and lost their culture in the unremitting space of your rebellion. She also states how neither generation left any footprints, as one was footless and the other left an ocean in between. These two generations of women were different and the same. They both had the strength to choose a way of life that suited them. they were bound together by their culture but they differed in lifestyle, and teir choices shaped their own lives and the lives of Chinese women who came after them. Bibliography Song, Cathy. Lost Sister. Poetry Essays