The Relationship Between Nutrition And Its Effects On...

The proposed study aims to examine the relationship between nutrition and its effects on health and well being through a randomized experiment with control and treatment groups. There are several studies that research the relationship between nutrition and aging and show the promising affects. In this study, different types of nutritional diets will be examined and implemented in an intervention plan. Two plans will be implemented to cater to those of high and low socioeconomic status. One hundred and twenty participants will be split between the two groups. Within the two groups there will be a treatment group and control group. They will follow their assignment for duration of three months. They will be required to take part in†¦show more content†¦However, there is limited research on the direct link between dietary choices and well being (Blanchflower, 2013). Many studies completed have looked at the link between certain types of nutrients and effects on health including antioxidants, vitamin B, and many others. In this study, researchers will look at similar nutrient components found in certain foods and drinks and implement an intervention with said foods. Researchers will focus on the roles of foods like fruits and vegetables, water, and sugar. Research conducted on fruits and vegetables consumption show evidence for the existence of a positive association between health leading to better well-being (Blanchflower, 2013). Furthermore, there has been evidence showing the absorption of dietary flavonoids in humans and the contributions of flavonoids to the antioxidant capacity measured in fruits and vegetables. This sates, phytochemicals are a source of dietary antioxidants and may be responsible for the health benefits observed with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables (Prior, 2000). It’s a known fact that water is essential to life. Research orchestrated on water shows the importance of water consumption and issues with lack of w ater intake on the body. It is stated, â€Å"water is quantitatively the most important nutrient† and has show major effects inside and outside the body (Popkin, 2010).†

Tourism in Dubai - Dubais Natural Environment, Society, Heritage Case Study

Essays on Tourism in Dubai - Dubai's Natural Environment, Society, Heritage Resources, Push and Pull Factors, Kinds of Accommodation Available Case Study The paper â€Å"Tourism in Dubai - Dubai’s Natural Environment, Society, Heritage Resources, Push and Pull Factors, Kinds of Accommodation Available† is a  variant of case study on tourism. Dubai is located in the Southwest of Persian gulf. It has the highest population among the United Arab Emirates states with an area of 2,106,177 square kilometers. It is located between the Far East and Europe. The city has more than one hundred shipping lines and over one hundred airlines. It is next to Saudi Arabia (Sampler Eigner 2008). Dubai is one of the major destinations or emirates of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. In the year 1997, the department of tourism and marketing commerce was established in Dubai. The main aim of this department was to increase the tourism rate and market Dubai to the outside world. It aims at attracting many tourists to Dubai by marketing both heritage and natural environment in Dubai (Davidson 2008). Tourism has been a major sou rce of revenue for the government of Dubai and it has also enabled the government to attract foreign currency. For example in the year 2011, Dubai served a total of 9,000,000 tourists (Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing 2013).Dubai’s natural environmentThere are various reasons why Dubai is able to attract this large number of tourists. One of the attractions of the tourists is the natural environment, the kind of society found in Dubai and many other tourist attractions. Besides Dubai being next to the coastal region, it has some natural environment which attracts the tourists (Sharpley 2008). The semi-desert climate in Dubai is different from those of other countries. The semi-desert trees such as Flora and Fauna are good for viewing. The natural harbor of Dubai further is rare to many countries thus it acts as a natural environment that attracts the tourists. In addition, the Persian Gulf is another natural att5raction for tourists in Dubai. The Gulf connects wit h Oman Gulf. At the cross points of these two Gulfs, they make a good environment that is rare to find in other places. Therefore natural semi-desert environment and the natural harbor provide tourist features (Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing 2013).Society in DubaiThe economy of Dubai is dominated by manufacturing and tourism. Not only tourism and manufacturing industries are in Dubai, but there are also some other sectors that have started coming up like Agriculture (Davidson 2008). The major exports of Dubai are electronics. Dubai city comprises many people from different cultures, therefore, it is a multi-culture city. The main language which is spoken in Dubai is English although there are some other minor languages. These different cultures make it a diversity city.The city can be traced from its history. There have been some problems with leadership. Since the economy of the city began to grow tremendously, the system of government changed. It was hard to manage t hat large number of people (Rugh 2007). The city has a cosmopolitan and multicultural society. The initial population was small but with the arrival of other nationalities starting with the nationals of Iran, the city’s population grew. There have been reported ethnic clashes. The main cultures in Dubai are Islamic and Arab culture. The society in Dubai can be recognized by the way people live. For instance, the architecture, the dressing style and the kind of religions help the tourists(Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing 2013).

Management Accounting †Setting Prices Free Essays

cco Management Accounting Tutorial 5 15-3. List and briefly describe 4 major influences on pricing decisions Customer Demand: the demands of customers are of paramount importance in all phases of business operations, from the design of a product to the setting of its price. Product-design issues and pricing considerations are interrelated, so they must be examined simultaneously. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Accounting – Setting Prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, for a higher quality product; you need higher quality materials which will affect a higher cost and needs more time and this will lead to a higher pricing on a product. Also, a manager must not price its product out of the market price range. Actions of Competitors: companies must keep an eye on its competitors. If its competitor reduces its pricing on a product, they might have to follow suit to avoid losing its market share. However, one must not follow the actions of its competitors’ blindly as a company has to predict competitive reactions to its product-design and pricing strategy. The company must also be careful to properly define its product, such that if they increase the price of the product; will the consumers continue purchasing the product? Costs: some prices are determined almost entirely by market forces. Industries such as agriculture; where most products are market-driven. To make a profit, farmers must produce at a cost below the market price. This is very risky as it is not always possible to produce at a price lower than the market price and this will inevitably lead to losses for the farmers. In other industries, prices are set by adding a markup to production costs so managers do have some latitude in determining the markup. Therefore, both market forces and cost considerations heavily influence prices. No organization or industry can price its products below their production costs indefinitely. And no company’s management can set prices blindly at a cost plus a markup without keeping an eye on the market. Political, Legal and image-related issues: managers must adhere to certain laws. The law generally prohibits companies from discriminating among their customers in setting prices. It is also forbidden in collusion in price setting between major firms. Political considerations also can be relevant. For example, if the firms in an industry are perceived by the public as reaping unfairly large profits, there may be political pressure on legislators to tax those profits differentially or to intervene in some way to regulate prices Companies also consider their public image in the price-setting process. A firm with a reputation for very high quality products may set the price of a new product high to be consistent with its image. 15-11. Write the general formula for cost-plus pricing, and briefly explain its use. Price = Cost + (Markup % * Cost) 15-12. List the 4 common cost bases used in cost-plus pricing. How can they all result in the same price? – Variable manufacturing cost + (Markup % * Variable manufacturing cost) – Absorption manufacturing cost + (Markup % * Absorption manufacturing cost) – Total cost + (Markup % * Total cost) – Total variable cost + (Markup % * Total variable cost) Several different definitions of cost, each combined with a different markup percentage can result in the same price for a product or service. 15-13. List 4 reasons often cited for the widespread use of absorption cost as the cost base in cost-plus pricing formulas. – In the long run, the price must over all costs and a normal profit margin. Basing the cost-plus formula on only variable costs could encourage managers to set too low a price in order to boost sales. This will not happen if managers understand that a variable cost-plus pricing formula requires a higher markup to cover fixed costs and profit. Nevertheless, many managers argue that people tend to view the costs base in a cost-plus pricing formula as the floor for setting prices. If prices are set too close to variable manufacturing cost, the firm will fail to cover its fixed costs. Ultimately, such a practice could result in the failure of the business. Absorption-cost or total-cost pricing formulas provide a justifiable price that tends to be perceived as equitable by all parties. Consumers generally understand that a company must make a profit on its product or service in order to remain in business. Justifying a price as the total cost of production, sales, and administrative activities, plus a reasonable profit margin, seems reasonable to buyers. – When a company’s competitors have similar operations and cost structure, cost-plus pricing based on full costs gives management an idea of how competitors may set prices Absorption-cost information is provided by a firm’s cost accounting system, because it is required for external financial reporting under generally accepted accounting principles. Since absorption-cost information already exists, it is cost-effective to use it for pricing. The alternative would involve preparing special product-cost data specifically for the pricing decision. In a firm with hundreds of products, such data could be expensive to product. 15-14. What is the primary disadvantage of basing the cost-plus pricing formula on absorption cost? The primary disadvantage of absorption-cost or total-cost pricing formulas is hat they obscure the cost behavior pattern of the firm. Since absorption-cost and total-cost data include allocated fixed costs, it is not clear from these data how the firmâ₠¬â„¢s total costs will change as volume changes. Another way of stating this criticism is that absorption-cost data are not consistent with cost-volume-profit analysis. CVP analysis emphasizes the distinction between fixed and variable costs. This approach enables managers to predict the effects of changes in prices and sales volume on profit. Absorption-cost and total-cost information obscures the distinction between variable and fixed costs. 5-15. List 3 advantages of pricing based on variable cost – Variable-cost data do obscure the cost behavior pattern by unitizing fixed costs and making them appear variable. Thus, variable-cost information is more consistent with cost-volume profit analysis often used by managers to see the profit implications of changes in price and volume – Variable-cost data do not require allocation of common fixed costs to individual product lines. – Variable-cost data are exactly the type of information managers need when facing cert ain decisions, such as whether to accept a special order. This decision often requires an analysis that separates fixed and variable costs 15-16. Explain the behavioral problem that can result when cost-plus prices are based on variable cost. If the managers perceive the variable cost of a product or service as the floor for the price, they may tend to set the price too low for the firm to cover its fixed costs. Therefore, if variable-cost data are used as the basis for cost-plus pricing, managers must understand the need for higher markups to ensure that all costs are covered. 15-17. Briefly explain the concept of return-on-investment pricing A common approach to determine the profit margin in cost-plus pricing is to base profit on the firm’s target return on investment 15-18. Explain the phrase price-led costing. Target costing sets the target cost by first determining the price at which a product can be sold in the marketplace. Subtracting the target profit margin from this target price yields the target cost, that is, the cost at which the product must be manufactured. This simple, but strategically important, relationship can expressed in the following equation: Target cost = Target price – Target profit 15-19. Why is a focus on the customer such a key principle of target costing? To be successful at target costing, management must listen to the company’s customers. Management needs to aggressively seek customer feedback and then the products must be designed to satisfy customer demand and be sold at a price they are willing to pay. In short, the target costing approach is market driven. 15-25. Describe the following approaches to pricing new products: skimming pricing, penetration pricing and target costing. Skimming pricing; which the initial product price is set high, and short-term profits are reaped on the new product. The initial market will be small, due in part to the high initial price. This pricing approach often is used for unique products, where there are people who ‘must have it’ whatever the price. As the product gains acceptance and its appeal broadens, the price is lowered gradually. Eventually, the product is priced in range that appeals to several kinds of buyers. Penetration pricing; which the initial price is set relatively low. By setting a low price for a new product, the management hopes to penetrate a ew market deeply, quickly gaining a large market share. This pricing approach often is used for products that are of good quality, but do not stand out as vastly better than competing products. Target cost; where the company first uses market research to determine the price at which a new product can be sold. Given the likely sales price, management compu tes the cost for which the product must be manufactured in order to provide the firm with the cost for which the product must be manufactured in order to provide the firm with an acceptable profit margin. Finally, the engineers and cost analysts work together to design a product that can be manufactured for the allowable costs. This method is used widely by companies in the development stages of new products. It is projected long-run cost that will enable a firm to enter and remain in the market for the product and compete successfully with the firm’s competitors. 15-27. Briefly explain the potential negative consequences in pricing decisions from using a traditional, volume-based product-costing system. Use of a traditional, volume-based product-costing system may result in significant cost distortion among product lines. In many cases, high-volume and relatively simple products are overcosted while low-volume and complex products are undercosted. This results from the fact that high0volume and relatively simple products require proportionately less activity per unit for various manufacturing support activities than do low-volume and complex products, yet a traditional product-costing system, in which all overhead is assigned on the basis of a single unit-level activity like DL hours, it fails to capture the cost implications of product diversity. How to cite Management Accounting – Setting Prices, Essay examples

Bosch Comparison of Gospel of Matthew and Luke

Bosch Comparison of Gospel of Matthew and Luke-Acts Essay Gospel of Matthew: Discipleship Model The gospel of Matthews overarching theme can be summarized in the Great Commission, Matthew 28:16-20. It is for the Jewish Christian Community that Matthew writes his gospel. His goal is to assist with the development of a missionary culture that will match the challenges of his community and he uses his gospel as a vehicle to accomplish his goal. (Bosch: 59) Matthew, through his gospel, suggests that the differences between the Pharisaic Jews and the Jewish Christians could be bridged through missions to the Gentiles. He desired for his community to transition from a sectarian view to an inclusive one. Bosch: 60) In Matthews opinion, a missionary community was one that understood itself as being different from the community in which it lived but also commuted to changing that community for the better. (Bosch: 84) Matthew used the key concepts of the Great Commission as a tool to assist his readers with self-identity and to attempt to bridge the gap between the Jewish Christians and the legalistic Pharisees of the time. The important concepts found in the Gospel of Matthew were the reign of God, Gods will, Justice, commandments, the challenge to be perfect, to surpass or xcel, to observe or keep, to bear fruit and to teach. Matthews gospel focuses on these key concepts; which could also be called key attributes of an individual who wants to follow Christ. Matthew used the parables of Jesus, Jesus Sermon on the Mount and very specific language to reinforce his viewpoint of mission. According to Bosch, in surveying the Gospel of Matthew there is no universal theme with regard to missi ons; however, he did believe that in order for Christians to find out who they really are they must be involved in missions by sharing the gospel with others. (Bosch: 84) Luke-Acts: Forgiveness and Solidarity Although Luke was a Gentile, his focus was on the Jewish Christians and the relationship between Jews and Gentiles in respect to salvation and forgiveness; and salvation and forgiveness were his main themes. Luke takes a theological approach to explaining mission. In Lukes writings there are also recurring themes, as in Matthew that are evident: the ministry of the Holy Spirit, the centrality of repentance (Bosch: 87) Through the aforementioned concepts/themes Lukes addressed the issue of the transition of the Christian community from being exclusively Jewish to being predominately Gentile. He used his writings to express the importance of Jesus and his coming and he uses the Holy Spirit throughout his writings to affirm his viewpoint. (Bosch:88) Luke also uses geography to explain the importance of mission to the Jews as well as the Gentile by focusing on where Jesus ministry began and would ultimately end. He used Jesus Journey to explain the salvation offered to all, Jews first and then the Gentiles. He also focused on the Jewishness of Jesus, Just a Matthew did. Bosch:95) It is apparent that Luke focuses on salvation and repentance throughout his gospel as well as the book of Acts. His focus is on Jesus Christ and his sacrifice as the reason why individuals should repent and live better lives. Whats interesting about Luke is that, unlike Matthew, he does not portray the Jewish people as the only ones who reject Jesus but writes that both Jews and Gentiles rejected Jesus. In his writings, it is the Holy Spirit that initiates the mission and directs the missionary whe re they should go, as seen in his writings about Paul. Bosch 115) Now lets look at Boschs comparison of the gospels. Comparison of Matthew and Luke-Acts According to Bosch, for some scholars/theologians Luke 4:16-21 replaces the Great Commission as the key text for understanding both Jesus mission and the mission of the church. Matthews audience was the Jewish Christian Community, whereas Lukes audience was for Christians who were predominately Gentile. Matthew was probably writing to a single community in his gospel and Luke was probably writing to several different communities. Bosch:85) With regard to similarities, both gospels were written around the same time. Both Matthew and Luke used Marks gospel and the Sayings-Source (or Q) as sources for their writings. Both were writing to communities that were going through a transitional period. The men wrote their ospels during a time when individuals had all but forgotten about the significant things Jesus accomplished during his min istry and excitement over the second coming of Jesus had grown cold. .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 , .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .postImageUrl , .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 , .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59:hover , .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59:visited , .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59:active { border:0!important; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59:active , .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59 .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa0d9756e72258d557270458e9869b59:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hobbes Philosophy EssayBoth were in communities where the church was being tested and going through some identity crises. Both wanted to encourage the churches in their communities and help them through the transitions but they had different perspectives on how to do it; however, the both felt that mission was of fundamental importance. Bibliography Bosch, David J. Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 2011.

Drug For Sanity In Death Of A Salesman Essays -

Drug For Sanity In Death Of A Salesman English 204 Professor Tidwell 1 October 1999 Willy Lowman's Drug for Sanity No one's life can be classified as ?normal?. Everyone has conflicts that they have to eventually deal with. People do in fact deal with these personal conflicts in different ways; some take it easy some take it hard. Some ignore the problem as long as possible and some deal with it right away to get it out of the way. In Death of a Salesman, Willy Lowman's technique to his problem solving leads to severe consequences. Willy never does anything to help the situation; he just escapes into the past to happier times when there were few problems. He uses this escape as if it was a drug, and as the play goes on, this drug becomes dangerous, leading him to his death. The first time Willy is seen dazing off into the past is when he discovers Biff arriving home. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy's disappointment in Biff and what Willy thinks he has become basically a bum. After failing to deal with his feelings, he escapes to a time when things were better for his family. It is not uncommon for one to think of better times at low points in their life in order to cheer them up so that they are able to deal with problems, but Willy Lowman takes it a step ahead. His stubbornness to accept reality is so strong that in his mind he is placed back in time to relive one of the happier days of his life. It was a time when no one argued. Willy and Linda were younger, the financial situation was less of a burden, and Biff and Happy welcomed their father back home from being on a long work trip. Ruci 2 Willy's need for the ?drug? reassures himself that everything will turn out okay and that his family will be happy once again like it was in the past. The next flashback occurs during a discussion between Willy and Linda. Willy is depressed about his inability to make enough money to support his family, his looks, and his personality. ? My God if business doesn't pick up, I don't know what I am going to do!?(1808) is what Willy said after Linda figures out that they are in fact in debt. Then he blurts out without letting any reply to his comment, ?I'm Fat..Foolish to look at? (1809). In doing this, once again he gets a flashback and the woman who he is in fact having an affair with visits him. Her purpose is to cheer him up. She does so by saying, ?You do make me laugh..And I think you are a wonderful man? (1810). That reassures him and the woman leaves. Once again, Willy gets out of his hardship by using the past. The next day when Willy is fired after finally asking his boss if he can be relocated, is when his next trip to the past occurs. During this episode of the play, which is very dramatic, a flashback hits him once again. This time maybe the biggest flashback Willy has ever experienced. He is brought back to what might be the happiest time in his life. Biff was going to play at Ebbet field in an All- Scholastic game. At this time, Willy could not be happier for his two sons. Willy's dependence of his flashbacks is becoming greater and he can not be sane for much longer. Too much of anything, even a good thing can become a bad thing. This is about to happen in his next flashback, when this time it doesn't help him out it just hurts him. Ruci 3 In this flashback, he is brought back to one of the most disturbing times in his life. It's the day that Biff had discovered his father's mistress while visiting him on one of his trips to ask him to come back home and negotiate with his math teacher. You now learn why Willy and Biff are so tense with eachother and why things will never be the same. Throughout the play, the present has been full of misfortune and hardships between the family. The past for

Biochemical investigations Essay Example

Biochemical investigations Essay Example Biochemical investigations Essay Biochemical investigations Essay Ameliorating consequence of ethanolic infusion ofBrassica oleraceaL. volt-ampere. italica against aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic harm in mice. Faculty of Science Abstraction Background Brassica oleraceaL. volt-ampere. italica besides known as Brassica oleracea italica is a cruciferous vegetable belongs to household that protects against malignant neoplastic disease. Its flowerets have been used in many states as salad. It contains phytochemicals that helps to make unsusceptibility and antioxidant support in the organic structure by bring oning excess protection of the organic structure s enzymes. The present probe purposes at measuring the hepatoprotective consequence ofBrassica oleraceaL. volt-ampere. italica ( Brassica oleracea italica ) infusion on aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic harm in mice. Methods Aflatoxins are powerful hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic agents. Reactive O species and attendant peroxidative harm caused by aflatoxin are considered to be the chief mechanism taking to hepatotoxicity. In present survey, aflatoxin ( 66.6 A µg/kg bw/day ) treated animate beings showed a important addition in lipid peroxidation degree with attendant lessening in enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants as compared to controls. Consequences Broccoli, a cruciferous veggie which contains a assortment of polyphenolic antioxidants, showed hepatoprotective consequence at a dose regimen of 0.2 g/kg organic structure weight per twenty-four hours by take downing lipid peroxidation and heightening the degree of decreased glutathione ( GSH ) and protein contents in comparing to aflatoxin treated group. The hepatoprotective consequence was besides shown by the important addition in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione-S-transferase ( GST ) , glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) , glutathione reductase ( GR ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase ( CAT ) when compared to controls. Histopathological analysis of liver samples further confirmed the protective consequence of the infusion. Decisions All these findings demonstrated that, ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica has strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects and accordingly may relieve liver harm caused by aflatoxin B1 induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Background Fruits and veggies are good beginnings of natural antioxidants for the human diet, incorporating many different antioxidant constituents include carotenoids, vitamins, flavonoids, other phenolic compounds, dietetic glutathione and endogenous metabolites, which provide protection against harmful free groups [ 1,2 ] . These antioxidants besides have been strongly associated with decreased hazard of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes, Alzheimer s disease, cataracts and age-related functional diminution in add-on to other wellness benefits [ 3 ] . Cruciferous veggies, belong to household Cruciferae in specific of theBrassicagenus such as Brassica oleracea italica, Brassica oleracea botrytis, boodle and Bruxelless sprouts, have important malignant neoplastic disease preventative effects, as shown in epidemiological and carnal carcinogenesis surveies [ 4 ] . They contain significant measures of isothiocyanates ( largely in the signifier of their glucosinolate precursors ) some of which ( e.g. , sulforaphane or 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate ) are really powerful inducers of stage 2 enzymes [ 5 ] .Brassica oleraceaL. volt-ampere. italica ( Brassica oleracea italica ) is a good beginning of wellness advancing compounds since it besides contains a assortment of polyphenolics [ 6 ] . The malignant neoplastic disease protective belongingss of Brassica oleracea italica ingestion are most likely mediated through bioactive compounds that induce a assortment of physiologic maps including moving as direct or indirect antioxidants, m odulating enzymes and commanding programmed cell death and the cell rhythm [ 7 ] . Broccoli besides contains other protective components like beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E, which can assist to cut down reactive O species, degree and prevent malignant neoplastic diseases [ 8 ] . Broccoli showed its antioxidant and cytoprotective efficaciousness against many diseases such as alzheimer s disease [ 9 ] , Parkinson s disease [ 10 ] , chest malignant neoplastic disease [ 11 ] , vesica malignant neoplastic disease [ 12 ] , prostate malignant neoplastic disease [ 13 ] , lung malignant neoplastic disease [ 14 ] , nephritic malignant neoplastic disease [ 15 ] , hepatic malignant neoplastic disease [ 16 ] , skin malignant neoplastic disease [ 17 ] , encephalon hurt [ 18 ] and cholestrol [ 19 ] . Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) is an negatron giver, and this belongings histories for all its known maps. As an negatron giver, vitamin C is a powerful water-soluble antioxidant in worlds. Antioxidant effects of vitamin C have been demonstrated in earlier surveies[ 20 ] . Vitamin C plays an of import physiological function in cells as a reduction agent and antioxidant, free extremist scavenger and enzyme cofactor. Glutathione and vitamin C show a strong functional mutualityin vivo. Vitamin C protects endothelial cells from oxidative emphasis by neutralizing the effects of oxidative species and diminishing blood cell-endothelial cell interactions, while glutathione modulates the oxidation-reduction belongingss of vitamin C in endothelial cells. Clinical surveies have revealed that vitamin C can change by reversal endothelial disfunction under different pathological conditions such as hypercholesteremia, high blood pressure, smoke, diabetes and coronary artery disease [ 21 ] .Aflatoxin B 1 ( AFB1 ) is a powerful hepatocarcinogen, which may play a major function in the etiology of human hepatic and extrahepatic carcinogenesis [ 22, 23 ] . An increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma has been associated with dietetic exposure to AFB1, peculiarly in population that is normally exposed to hepatitis B virus [ 24, 25 ] . The toxicity and carcinogenicity of AFB1 is thought to be straight linked to its bioactivation, ensuing in a extremely reactive AFB1 8, 9-epoxide ( AFBO ) . This bioactivation of AFB1 occurs chiefly by a microsomal cytochrome P450 ( CYP450 ) dependent epoxidation of the terminal furan ring of AFB1 and is responsible for adhering to cellular supermolecules such as DNA, RNA and other protein components [ 26 ] . Recent findings have demonstrated that oxidative harm is one of the underlining mechanisms for the aflatoxin B1 ( AFB1 ) -induced cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity [ 24 ] . An addition in the formation of reactive O species ( ROS ) was detected by Shenet Al. [ 26, 27 ] utilizing a fluorescent investigation, 2V,7V-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, in civilized rat hepatocytes following AFB1 exposure. These reactive O species ( ROS ) may assail soluble cell compounds every bit good as membranes, finally taking to the damage of cell operation and cytolysis [ 28 ] . Peroxidative amendss induced in the cell are encountered by luxuriant defence mechanisms, including enzymic and non enzymic antioxidants [ 29 ] . It has been implicated that oxidative emphasis following aflatoxin metamorphosis, together with hepatotoxicity or hepatocarcinogenesis was inhibited by the usage of food-associated antioxidants and/or free extremist scavengers [ 30, 31, 32, 33, 24 ] . The overall purpose of this survey was to measure the ameliorating consequence ofBrassica oleraceaL. volt-ampere. italica infusion in Restoration of enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants and decrease of lipid peroxidation in aflatoxin induced liver harm in mice. Methods Materials Aflatoxin B1 ( AFB1 ) C17H12O6 EC No. 214-603-3, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene ( CDNB ) , dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid ( DTNB ) , glutathione reductase ( GR ) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates ( NADPH ) , oxidized glutathione and decreased glutathione were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Co. , St. Louis, MO, USA ) . Ascorbic acid, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) , thiobarbituric acid ( TBA ) and trichlororoacetic ( TCA ) acid were obtained from Merck. Nitroblue tetrazolium salt ( NBT ) was purchased from Himedia Labs, Mumbai, India, while other chemicals were obtained from S. D. Fine Chemicals. Animals The survey was conducted in maleSwiss albinomice ( 30 A ± 2 g ) provided by Central Animal House Facility of Jamia Hamdard. A anterior blessing was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee of Hamdard University ( JHAEC ) for the survey protocol. The animate beings were maintained under the standard conditions of humidness, temperature ( 25 A ± 2oC ) and light ( 12 H light/12 H dark ) , and fed with commercial pellet diet and H2Oad libitum. Plant infusion ( PE ) Plant stuff,Brassica oleraceaL. volt-ampere.italica, ( Brassica oleracea italica ) was purchased from the local market, New Delhi, India and authenticated by the taxonomer, Department of Botany, Hamdard University. Ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica ( EEB ) was prepared by soxhlet method utilizing 500 ml ethyl alcohol ( 95 % ) for 100 g ( dry weight ) of works stuff. Extract was concentrated in H2O bath to semisolid signifier [ 34 ] . The output of infusion was 19.80 % . Chemical profile of Brassica oleracea italica infusion has been described by assorted research workers and chief identified components are glucocynolates, vitamin Es, carotenoids, polyphenolics, etc.A [ 35, 6 ] . Animal theoretical account and in vivo intervention regimen Animals were divided into six groups. Each group consisted of 15 mice. Control mice ( Group I ) were administered normal saline ( 0.9 % NaCl ) orally for 90 yearss. Group II mice were administered aflatoxin B1 ( 66.6 A µg/kg/ bw/0.2ml/day, [ 36 ] which was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ) and diluted farther with normal saline to the needed concentration. The concluding forced feeding solution of AFB1 contained 1 % DMSO. Group III mice were administered orally with a dosage of 0.2g/kg bw/0.2ml/day ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica ( EEB ) [ 37 ] . Ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica and ascorbic acid were dissolved in normal saline. Group IV ( AFB1+ EEB ) micewere administered with ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica after 30 proceedingss of aflatoxin disposal. Group V mice were administered with ascorbic acid dose ( Asc, 0.1g/kg bw/0.2ml/day, [ 38 ] . Group VI ( AFB1 + Asc ) mice were administered orally after 30 proceedingss of aflato xin disposal. The dosage of ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica and ascorbic acid were selected on the footing of above cited literature. The interventions were given during the full period of survey i.e. three months. Biochemical probes During the survey five animate beings from each group were sacrificed by cervical disruption on 30th ­ , 60th, and 90th twenty-four hours. Liver tissues from the sacrificed mice were rapidly removed and cleaned to do them free of immaterial stuff and perfused with ice-cold saline. The tissues were homogenized in chilled phosphate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 7.4 ) utilizing a Potter Elvehjem homogenizer. The homogenate was filtered through muslin fabric and centrifuged at 800g for 5 min at 4oC to divide the atomic dust. The supernatant was centrifuged at 10,500g for 30 min at 4oC to obtain the station mitochondrial supernatant ( PMS, [ 39 ] ) for the biochemical measurings as described below. Lipid Peroxidation ( LPO ) LPO was measured by the method of Utleyet Al. ( 1967 ) [ 40 ] . The assay mixture consisted of 0.67 % thiobarbituric acid ( TBA ) , 10 % chilled trichloro acetic acid and homogenate ( 10 % ) in a entire volume of 3 milliliter. The rate of LPO was expressed as nmoles of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance ( TBARS ) formed/h/g tissue, utilizing a molar extinction coefficient of 1.56A-105 M-1cm-1. Reduced glutathione ( GSH ) GSH content was measured by the method of Jollowet Al. ( 1974 ) [ 41 ] . PMS ( 1.0 milliliter ) was precipitated with 1.0 milliliters of sulfosalicylic acid ( 4.0 % ) . The samples were kept at 4oC for 1 H and so subjected to centrifugation at 1200g for 15 proceedingss at 4oC. The assay mixture contained 0.5 milliliter of filtered aliquot, 2.3 milliliter of Na phosphate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 7.4 ) and 0.2 milliliter DTNB in a entire volume of 3.0 milliliter. The optical density of reaction merchandise was measured instantly at 412 nanometer and consequence expressed as nmoles GSH/g tissue. Protein contents Protein contents in assorted samples were estimated by the method of Lowryet Al. ( 1951 ) [ 42 ] . 0.1 milliliter of PMS was diluted with 0.9 milliliters of DDW and precipitated with equal sum of 10 % TCA and subjected to centrifugation at 1,200g for 5 proceedingss at 4oC.A Precipitate was saved and dissolved in 0.5 milliliter of 1 N NaOH. The reaction mixture contained 0.1 milliliter aliquot of sample, 0.9 milliliter of DDW, 2.5 milliliter alkaline Cu reagent and 0.25 milliliter of Follin s reagent in a entire volume of 3.75 milliliter. Then optical density was taken after 20 proceedingss at 680 nanometers and protein content was calculated in footings of milligram protein/g tissue. Antioxidant enzyme measurings Glutathione-S-transferase ( GST ) activity was assayed by the method of Habiget Al. ( 1974 ) [ 43 ] . The reaction mixture consisted of 1.675 milliliters sodium phosphate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 7.4 ) , 0.2 milliliter reduced glutathione ( 1 millimeter ) , 0.025 milliliter of 1 CDNB ( 1 millimeter ) and 0.1 milliliter PMS ( 10 % ) in a entire volume of 2 milliliter. The alteration in optical density was recorded at 340 nanometers and the enzyme activity calculated as nmoles CDNB conjugates formed/min/mg protein, utilizing a molar extinction coefficient of 9.6A-103 M-1cm-1. Glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) activity was assayed by the method of Mohandaset Al. ( 1984 ) [ 39 ] . The assay mixture consisted of 1.44 milliliters sodium phosphate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 7.4 ) , 0.1 milliliter EDTA ( 1 millimeter ) , 0.1ml Na azide ( 1 millimeter ) , 0.05 milliliter of glutathione reductase ( 1 IU/ml ) , 0.1 milliliter GSH ( 1 millimeter ) , 0.1 milliliter NADPH ( 0. 2 millimeter ) , 0.01 milliliter H2O2 ( 0.25 millimeter ) , and 0.1ml PMS ( 10 % ) in a entire volume of 2 milliliter. Oxidation of NADPH was recorded at 340 nanometer. The enzyme activity was calculated as nmoles NADPH oxidized/min/mg protein, utilizing a molar extinction coefficient of 6.22A-103 M-1 cm-1. Glutathione reductase ( GR ) activity was assayed by the method of Mohandaset Al. ( 1984 ) [ 39 ] . The assay mixture consisted of 1.68 milliliters sodium phosphate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 7.4 ) , 0.1ml EDTA ( 0.5 millimeter ) , 0.1ml NADPH ( 0.1 millimeter ) , 0.05 milliliter oxidized glutathione ( 1 millimeter ) , and 0.1 milliliter PMS ( 10 % ) in a entire volume of 2 milliliter. Oxidation of NADPH was recorded at 340 nanometer. The enzyme activity was calculated as nmoles NADPH/min/mg protein, utilizing a molar extinction coefficient of 6.22A-103 M-1 cm-1. Superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity was assayed by the method of Dhindsaet Al. ( 1981 ) [ 40 ] . The reaction mixture dwelling of 1.5 milliliters phosphate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 7.4 ) , 0.1 milliliter NBT ( 2.25 millimeter ) , 0.1 milliliter PMS ( 10 % ) , 0.1 milliliter Na carbonate ( 1.5 M ) , 0.2 milliliter methionine ( 200 millimeter ) , 0.1 milliliter EDTA ( 3mM, ) , 1 milliliter DDW and 0.1 milliliter riboflavinA ( 60 A µM ) in the entire volume of 3 milliliter was incubated in visible radiation for 60 proceedingss at room temperature. The rate of reaction was measured by entering alteration in optical density at 560 nanometers due to formation of Formosan, a reaction merchandise of NBT. The enzyme activity was calculated as units/mg protein/h Catalase ( CAT ) activity was assayed by the method of Claiborne ( 1985 ) [ 41 ] . The reaction mixture was consisted of 1.95ml phosphate buffer ( 0.1 M, pH 7.4 ) , 1 milliliter H2O2 ( 0.09 M ) and 0.05 milliliters 10 % PMS in the concluding volume of 3 milliliter. Change in optical density was recorded at 240 nanometer. Catalase activity was calculated in footings of A µmoles H2O2 consumed /min/mg protein. Histopathological analysis Histopathological analysis of liver tissue was carried out by the method of Luna, 1968 in Maulana Azad Medical College ( MAMC ) , New Delhi, India to measure the hepatoprotective consequence [ 42 ] . The tissues were fixed in impersonal buffered formol ( 10 % methanal in phosphate buffered saline ) , a fixative that stabilized the tissues to forestall decay. The samples were so immersed in multiple baths of increasingly more concentrated ethyl alcohol to desiccate the tissue, followed by a glade agent such as xylol or Histoclear, and eventually hot molten paraffin wax ( impregnation ) . During this 12 to 16 hr procedure, paraffin wax replaced the H2O and soft, damp tissues were turned into a difficult paraffin block, which was so placed in a mold incorporating more liquefied wax ( embedded ) and allowed to chill and indurate. The tissue was so sectioned into really thin ( 2 8 micron ) subdivisions utilizing a microtome. These pieces, thinner than the mean cell, was so placed on a gl ass slide for staining. To see the tissue under a microscope, the subdivisions were stained with one or more pigments. This was done to give contrast to the tissue being examined. Hematoxylin and eosin ( abbreviated H and E ) discolorations and used in histopathology. Hematoxylin colours nuclei blue, eosin colours the cytol. After staining the tissue were examined under negatron microscope. Statistical analysis All values were expressed as average A ± SE. Statistical analysis was performed byA one manner analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) to see the differences in consequences of assorted groups. A value of P lt ; 0.01 and p lt ; 0.05 were considered important. Dunnett trial was besides applied for analysing the significance between different groups. Consequences Consequence of EEB on Lipid peroxidation Aflatoxin intervention resulted in a important ( p lt ; 0.01 ) addition in lipid peroxidation by 43 % , 61 % and 86 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours inA group II mice every bit compared to command group ( group I ) .A Group IV ( AFB1 +EEB ) showed important ( p lt ; 0.01 ) lessening in LPO degree by 13 % , 25 % and 40 % severally at 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours as compared to the aflatoxin treated group ( Figure 1 ) . Group VI ( AFB1 + Asc ) besides showed important ( p lt ; 0.01 ) lessening in LPO degree by 9 % , 26 % and 43 % as compared to the aflatoxin treated group ( group II ) severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours. Consequence of EEB on Reduced glutathione Figure 2 shows cellular GSH information of mice liver. A important ( p lt ; 0.01 ) lessening by 35 % , 56 % and 64 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours were observed in group II mice every bit compared to command group. Besides, there was a important ( p lt ; 0.01 ) addition by 14 % , 80 % and 180 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours in Group IV ( which was treated by EEB after 30 proceedingss of aflatoxin disposal ) as compared to group II which received aflatoxin entirely. Similar consequences were obtained in group VI ( AFB1 + Asc ) with a important increased by 50 % , 143 % and 217 % in comparing to the group II. Protein contents Protein contents decreased in group II by 28 % , 41 % and 60 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours during aflatoxin intervention as compared to the group I. Groups, which received ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica and ascorbic acid entirely showed protein contents comparable to group I. While, groups which received ethanolic infusions of Brassica oleracea italica and ascorbic acid in several groups alongwith aflatoxin intervention showed significantA ( p lt ; 0.01 ) addition in protein contents by 9 % , 37 % , 114 % and 23 % , 60 % and 149 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours in several groups as compared to the group II ( Table 1 ) . Consequence of EEB on Antioxidants enzymes GST activity significantly ( p lt ; 0.01 ) decreased in aflatoxin treated mice liver by 40 % , 49 % and 69 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours during aflatoxin intervention as compared to command groups. While groups ( III and V ) which received Brassica oleracea italicas extract and ascorbic acid entirely showed consequences comparable to command group ( group I ) . Whereas other groups ( IV and VI ) which received ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica and ascorbic acid alongwith aflatoxin showed significantly ( p lt ; 0.01 and p lt ; 0.05 ) increased GST activity by 16 % , 53 % , 199 % and 29 % , 74 % and 239 % in several groups on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours ( Table 1 ) , in comparing to aflatoxin treated group. GPx activity significantly ( p lt ; 0.01 ) decreased in aflatoxin treated mice liver by 20 % , 48 % and 66 % on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours during aflatoxin intervention as compared to command groups. Groups ( III and V ) which received Brassica oleracea italicas extract and compounds entirely showed normal GPx activity comparable to command groups. Whereas group which received ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica ( EEB ) alongwith aflatoxin showed increased GPx activity by 19 % , 87 % and 192 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours. Group VI, which received ascorbic acid alongwith aflatoxin, showed increased in GPx activity by 27 % , 82 % and 215 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours ( Table 1 ) . Glutathione reductase ( GR ) activity significantly ( p lt ; 0.01 ) decreased in aflatoxin treated group of mice by 41 % , 52 % and 73 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours during intervention. Groups ( III and V ) , which received Brassica oleracea italicas extract and compounds entirely, showed normal GR activity comparable to command groups. Group IV showed addition in GR activity by 23 % , 60 % and 228 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours. Group VI which received ascorbic acid alongwith aflatoxin besides showed significantly ( p lt ; 0.01 ) increased GR activity ( Table 1 ) . Aflatoxin treated mice liver showed lessening in superoxide dismutase activity by 39 % , 58 % and 77 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours as compared to command group ( group I ) . Groups, which received ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica and ascorbic acid entirely showed SOD activity comparable to aflatoxin treated group. Group, which received ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica alongwith aflatoxin, showed significantly ( p lt ; 0.01 ) enhanced SOD activity by 10 % , 88 % and 268 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours. Group VI which received standard compound ascorbic acid alongwith aflatoxin showed addition in SOD activity by 28 % , 95 % and 286 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours as compared to group II ( Table 1 ) .A Aflatoxin treated mice group which received aflatoxin entirely showed important lessening in catalase activity by 25 % , 46 % and 62 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours as compared to command group ( group I ) . Groups, which received Brassica oleracea italicas extract and ascorbic acid entirely, showed catalase activity comparable to command group in several groups. Group, which received ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica alongwith aflatoxin, showed important sweetening in catalase activity by 11 % , 70 % and 173 % . Treatment of ascorbic acid alongwith aflatoxin besides showed important ( p lt ; 0.01 and p lt ; 0.05 ) sweetening in catalase activity by 8 % , 66 % and 129 % severally on 30th, 60th and 90th twenty-four hours as compared to group II ( Table 1 ) .A Consequence of EEB on Histopathological analysis Histopathological analysis of liver subdivision of aflatoxin treated mice after 90th twenty-four hours showed marked vacuolar devolution of hepatocytes ( Figure 3b ) while mice treated with aflatoxin and Brassica oleracea italica infusion at the same time showed kupffer cells hyperplasia and regeneration activities in cells ( Figure 3c ) as compared to command group, which was normal ( Figure 3a ) . Discussion A figure of groundss suggest that oxidative harm caused by aflatoxin B1 ( AFB1 ) might be one of the mechanism behind aflatoxin B1 induced cell hurt and DNA harm, finally taking to carcinogenesis [ 43, 27 ] . AFB1 induced free extremist production or ROS production has been referred to as a possible ground for hepatotoxicity [ 44 ] . When ROS production overcomes the legion antioxidant barriers of defence it amendss a scope of cellular constructions and maps is produced. This procedure, known as oxidative emphasis, leads to pathologies such as coronary artery disease and malignant neoplastic disease, and finally to cell decease [ 45 ] . Lipid peroxidation ( LPO ) is one of the chief manifestation of oxidative harm initiated by ROS and it has been linked with altered membrane construction and enzyme inactivation. It is initiated by abstraction of H atom from the side concatenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane [ 46 ] . Present information reveals that AFB1 disposal pr oduced pronounced oxidative impact as evidenced from important ( P lt ; 0.01 ) addition in LPO. The addition in LPO might consequences from increased production of free groups and lessening in antioxidant position. The oxidative emphasis observed in our survey is in conformity with the other studies where it has been implicated in AFB1 induced hepatotoxicity [ 47, 48, 49 ] .A In this survey intervention of animate beings with ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica ( EEB ) after 30 proceedingss of AFB1 disposal significantly reduced the AFB1 induced LPO ( Figure 1 ) by their ability to scavenge the free groups due to the presence of vitamin C, caretenoides and polyphenols etc in the Brassica oleracea italica infusion [ 50 ] . An of import function in the protection of tissues from the hurtful consequence of activated AFB1 is besides played by GSH and GST [ 51 ] . The enzymatic antioxidant defence systems are the natural defenders against lipid peroxidation. SOD, CAT and GPx enzymes are of import scavengers of superoxide ion and H peroxide. These enzymes prevent coevals of hydroxyl extremist and protect the cellular components from oxidative harm [ 52 ] . GPx is a cytoplasmatic and mitochondrial enzyme that detoxifies H2O2 in most cells. Glutathione-S-transferase ( GST ) is a household of the enzymes that catalyze the add-on of the tripeptide glutathione to endogenous and xenobiotic substrates, which have electrophilic functional groups. They play an of import function in detoxification and metamorphosis of many xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds. Superoxide dismutase is a really of import enzyme that maps as a cellular antioxidant. It is present in cell cytol and in chondriosome in order to keep a low concentration of superoxide anions. The important decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes ( GPx, GST, GR, SOD and CAT ) and non- enz ymatic antioxidant system ( GSH ) in aflatoxin treated mice liver ( group II ) as compared to the control group ( group I ) could be responsible for increased lipid peroxidation degrees observed during aflatoxin induced oxidative emphasis. Similar consequences have besides been reported antecedently for liver of mice [ 33 ] . GSH is a tripeptide containing cysteine that has a reactive -SH group with reductive authority. It can move as non enzymic antioxidant by direct interaction of -SH group with ROS or it can be involved in the enzymatic detoxification of ROS as a coenzyme [ 53 ] . GST catalyzes the junction of AFB1-8,9-epoxide with GSH to organize AFB1 -epoxide- GSH conjugates thereby diminishing the intracellular glutathione content [ 54 ] . This observation supports our findings where we observed a important diminution in degree of GSH ( Figure 2 ) and GST ( Table 1 ) in AFB1 induced animate beings. The Restoration of intracellular GSH contents and GST activity to normal degrees by Brassica oleracea italica infusion and ascorbic acid indicates that they play a critical function in extenuating AFB1 induced oxidative emphasis and subsequent harm to liver. Protein contents besides significantly decreased in aflatoxin treated mice liver. While groups which received ethanolic infusion of Brassica oleracea italica or ascorbic acid alongwith aflatoxin showed important addition in protein contents, this consequence is supported by old findings which demonstrated that aflatoxin lowers the protein contents [ 55 ] . It is already reported that Brassica oleracea italica is a good beginning of wellness advancing compounds since it contains many antioxidants such as vitamins, vitamin Es, caretenoids, polyphenolics and more specifically the compound glucoraphanin, which can metabolize to an anticancer substance sulforaphane [ 6 ] . In present survey the Restoration of GSH degree by broccoli infusion may be due to the polyphenolic antioxidants particularly flavonoids. Our findings is supported by the old surveies related to the protective consequence of antioxidants such as carotenoid, oltipraz, ebelsen against the cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 [ 56 ] . Antioxidants enzymes like GPx, GR, SOD and CAT form the first line of defence Against ROS and a lessening in their activities was observed with aflatoxin B1 disposal [ 49 ] . The above findings corroborates with our consequences where we observed a diminution in GPx, GR, SOD and CAT activities.A Selenium dependant GPx removes both H2O2 and lipid peroxides by catalysing the transition of lipid hydroperoxide to hydroxyl acids in the presence of GSH. The activity of GPx which is a component of GSH redox rhythm decreased during AFB1 disposal. This lessening in GPx activity may be due to the lessening in the handiness of substrate ( GSH ) and besides because of their change in their protein construction by ROS [ 29 ] . The increased intracellular GSH content following broccoli infusion and ascorbic acid intervention in several groups after aflatoxin disposal may trip GPx by forestalling the accretion of H2O2. The lessening in the degree of glutathione metabolising enzyme GR activity in AFB1 administered rats occurs as a consequence of reduced supply of reduced nico tinamide A dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) for the transition of GSSG to GSH in the presence of GR. Under oxidative assault, NADP+ /NADPH ratio will exchange in favor of NADP+ , bespeaking lessening in the activity of enzymes [ 49 ] . Treatment with infusion of Brassica oleracea italica ( EEB ) and ascorbic acid ( Asc ) significantly increased the activity of GR ( Table 1 ) . This determination is besides supported by the work ofA Eberhardtet Al. ( 2005 ) [ 57 ] who reported the antioxidant capacity of Brassica oleracea italica on cellular oxidative emphasis. SOD is a household of metalloenzymes that is known to speed up the dismutation of endogenous cytotoxic superoxide groups to H2O2 which are hurtful to polyunsaturated fatty acids and structural protein of plasma membrane [ 58 ] . The H peroxide produced by SOD is farther removed by CAT. Decline in the activities of these enzymes after AFB1 disposal might be due to the inactivation of these enzymes ROS. Broccoli infusion increases the GSH position ensuing in the addition in SOD activity thereby forestalling the hurtful effects of superoxide groups. Therefore broccoli infusion indirectly influences the activities of SOD and CAT ( Table 1 ) . Histopathological analysis of liver samples shows vacuolar devolution of hepatocytes in aflatoxin treated liver of mice ( Figure 3b ) , while mice treated with aflatoxin and Brassica oleracea italica infusion at the same time showed kupffer

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His invention worked, but to a very basic level. The images were rough and not clear. Another problem was the weight of the helmet used. It was quite heavy and needed to be supported from the ceiling. But the idea has actually got its base and now needed to be improved. Scientist continued working on this idea until in 1985, Michael McGreevy, from NASA introduced a much improved version of virtual reality. It was light weighted, using motorcycle helmet with mini display screens. It was also provided with the special sensors which were used to detect movements with the help of sensitive computer technology. Finally, during 1986, the invention got its final touch when a computer games programmer named Jaron Lanier introduced a new glove for virtual reality. In this way took the modern form in which we look it today. (Virtual Reality, 2004) TYPES OF VIRTUAL REALITY: There are three main types of virtual reality technology: The first one uses a helmet, ear phones and a pair of special gloves or joy sticks controlled by a computer and assisted by special sound effects and graphic images. The second one makes use of the video cameras. These cameras track the image of the participant in an artificially created virtual world. The participant can even move the objects in this world using virtual technology. The third type makes use of the three dimensional images. The screen used is shaped in a curve. This makes the images closer to the real world. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001). CATEGORIES: There are six categories in which virtual reality can be displayed: Desktop displays, Head-mounted displays, Arm-mounted displays, Single screen displays, Surround screen displays and Volumetric displays. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001). The head mounted displays are among the most widely used displays for virtual reality. In this device, a pair of display screens is placed right in front of the users eyes. These screens are attached to a helmet which the user wears. The arm mounted displays resemble a pair of binoculars mounted on an articulated arm. The user visualizes the virtual world by means of lenses. His virtual environment is controlled by his movements at an arms length and range of motion. Single screen displays use the Immersive Workbench products. These products mostly make use of a tabletop metaphor where the virtual objects give an impression of lying on the table top. Other types of single screen displays make use of a window metaphor. In this kind of display the image seems to be appearing in a large window opened into a virtual space. Another sort of display is known as CAVE, where the viewer sees the images in the form of multiple screens surrounding him as if he is present inside a large cube. The viewer can explore the virtual world by moving inside the cube. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001). USES: Virtual reality is now being used in many professions including architecture, meteorology, military, medical and molecular studies. 1. Architecture. Virtual reality has been now used for long in the field of architecture. It has been used to establish the models of buildings before the construction is started. It has also proved to be helpful to determine how a building may have collapsed and to provide improvements in reconstructing a damaged building. 2. Weather Forecast. Virtual reality has also been used in the weather forecast profession by simulating the images with the data collected from the satellites and radars. 3. Military Training. Now virtual reality has officially been declared a part of the U.S military training. They make use of the environments created using virtual reality in whole rooms where soldiers are provided different experiences. These include the war fields as well as different exercises. 4. Cancer Chemotherapy. Another remarkable use of virtual reality in medical field is as a treatment for the cancer patients. Chemotherapy is a painful procedure for most of the patients, yet it is necessary as many malignant cancers cant be treated but their progression can be stopped by the chemotherapy treatment. It has been shown that if the chemotherapy is provided to these patients while they indulge themselves in some activity using virtual world, the pain felt is quite less that that experienced without it. Many chemotherapy centers are now making use of this technology. It is especially true in case of children suffering with cancerous lesions requiring chemotherapy. They feel the procedure less painful if they are allowed to play games or perform any other activity using virtual world and receiving the chemotherapy at the same time. Researchers explain this by the fact that three of the users senses become occupied while using the virtual world. These include, vision, hearing and touch. Thus the brain is actually distracted from the painful event being carried out. Images also play quite an important role in this treatment. The patient is given the option to select any image of his/her choice, like walking on a beach, or visiting an art gallery or performing deep sea diving etc. 5. Molecular Biology. The molecular biology is also making use of virtual reality in order to study the molecular and cellular structures. It enables the scientists to visit small sections of a molecule and study its properties. 6. Medical Studies. Virtual reality is now being used in medical studies as well. By using virtual reality, the medical students and even doctors can learn complex medical procedures without risking anyones life. In medical field virtual reality has been used in diagnosing various diseases using the images provided by other scans and then merging them using medical technology. (eHow, 2010) 7. Driving Lessons. In many countries now virtual reality has been used for driving tests as well. Apart from the actual on-road driving test, the candidates have to take a virtual reality based driving test as well which simulates the real environment. 8. Disabled Children. Virtual reality has also proven itself to be a blessing for the disabled children. A child who a wheel chair for moving needs around can gain an insight of many of the places which he cannot otherwise visit. He can select the images or environment of choice and go to the virtual world for flight, diving, walking, fighting, driving or many other activities. In this regard it is a great blessing for the bed ridden or wheel chair bound children or individuals. (itgs, 2010) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: The main advantages of virtual reality are as follows: Virtual reality provides the diverse types of data available in instant forms. It provides images from many different points of views. It is able to demonstrate the non-visible data to the user like in case of geochemistry. Allows a person to visit the places normally inaccessible to individuals. Provides an experience which can be repeated and revised. It can cover the education and knowledge related to almost all fields of life. Even children as well as adults can get benefit from it. It provides information in an interesting manner preventing the user from getting bored. (Weili Qiu, Tom Hubble, 2006). Virtual Reality 9 A remarkable research being carried out now a day is an attempt to make virtual reality usable by the blind persons in order to enable them to face the real world challenges using modern technology. Although the development of a virtual world can be considered as a great leap in the modern technology, yet a lot needs to be still done in this field. Given below is a chart displaying the possible harmful health effects of virtual reality: (Bing Images, 2010). The progress may be considered as slow mainly because of its complex technology. Other disadvantages include: This technique uses the computer visualization and digital techniques, yet it does not present the true three dimensional natures of objects. Although it is very close to reality, yet is unable to provide the feelings of touch, smell etc. It is still not as beneficial as being really in a field. Visiting a website using virtual reality is difficult and hindered by many factors like the network access, load on network and number of connections etc. Many websites accessed using virtual reality are ephemeral and not permanent. Yet needs much improvement regarding the teaching environment. The user may get lost over different websites, thereby increasing the problem of time management. (Weili Qiu, Tom Hubble, 2006). Some users complain of nausea and vomiting by an excessive and continuous use of virtual reality technology. CAN VIRTUAL WORLD REPLACE THE REAL EXPERIENCE? Virtual world is although quite close to the real world yet it is still unable to replace the feelings of a real world. As an example, the virtual reality technology is now being used for military training as well. But a soldier actually knows that he is not going to get any harm from any bullet coming from an unknown origin or a surprising attack. These feelings can only be experienced while being in an actual war field where all of a soldiers instincts are fully active in order to prevent him from any unknown danger, as he knows that it is real and he can even loose his life if he gets distracted from this actual environment. (Science Clarified, 2010) Similarly, it was found many years back that the pilots trained by using the flight simulators make mistakes while flying the actual plane. This occurs because of the actual differences found between the virtual and the real world. As for example, a flight simulator is unable to present the affects of simulation that a pilot feels during an actual flight. Thus, when he gets into a real flight, he faces confusion while experiencing the new sensation. Yet, this is a temporary problem and is resolved by allowing the pilots trained by flight simulators to fly a plane, only after twenty four hours have passed. These problems are although temporary, but they have raised questions about whether a long term use of virtual reality able to bring about permanent changes, especially in children, whose brains are still under developing stage and can easily be modified as compared to the grown ups. Some psychologists believe that a long term and frequent use of virtual reality is going to change the way, people are used to perceive the real world. According to some psychiatrists, a prolonged use of virtual world can make people avoid real life problems instead of trying to solve them. WORLDWIDE ACCEPTANCE: Although virtual reality technology can be still described to be in its initial stages, yet there are now about 61,000 commercial companies all over the world which are using the virtual reality technology to produce different products. Even at this basic stage, now virtual reality has become a part of the educational training at about 3,600 educational institutes all over the world. (authorSTREAM, 2010) There can be no doubt in saying this that the use of virtual reality has now increased to a great extent than the time when it was introduced initially, all over the world. Given below is a graph showing an increase in the use of virtual reality over the period of years. (Google images, 2010) CONCLUSION: Virtual reality can be described as one of the most important inventions of the modern world. Initially when computer was invented, it did not have much uses. With time, many improvements were made and computer started taking an important place at offices, homes and industries. Development of internet was a remarkable addition and it made the computer a necessity for every work place as well as homes. Likewise virtual reality was developed initially with a very basic knowledge. But now, it has started taking an important place at many work places especially those professions which are related to computer and technology. Still studies are being carried out in order to make further improvements in it, and we can predict its importance in the upcoming time mainly because of the reason that the virtual reality enables a person to visit any place or environment where it is sometimes practically impossible to go in person. One can visit the internal body, the space, the molecular structure s, deep sea, buildings, sky, planets or whatever one can think of. Science is amazing and the computer world is giving the mankind an experience of a totally new world which could not be imagined some decades back. Thus, virtual reality can be easily described as one of those inventions of science, which carry a great elasticity in them and with the research work going on in this field, we can hope to get even better results expected to bring great changes in almost every field using computer technology.

Essay --

Final Report Chanel Lawrence CMN 279-201 Dianne Nubla November 2013 OPEN OPTIONS Date: November 14, 2013 To: Mr. Jason John, Client From: Chanel Lawrence, Career Councilor Subject: Career Counseling At your request I have examined the two career choices; Event Coordination and Veterinary Sciences. This report presents data documenting the job description, the salary, working conditions and educational requirements of both career paths. Event Coordinator As an event coordinator you are directly responsible for the conception, production and execution of events. Events include: †¢ Corporate, †¢ Promotions and product launches †¢ Charity or social events †¢ Festivals †¢ Seminars †¢ Conventions †¢ Meetings As an event coordinator you have the opportunity to work freelance or can be employed by tourism associations, convention and conference centers, governments and by conference and event planning companies. (Common menu bar links, n.d) The job is very hands on and will involve teamwork. It is a high-pressure job as it requires close attention to detail and coordinators must have the following skills: †¢ Good and clear communication †¢ The ability to complete wide range activities †¢ Excellent organizational skills †¢ Good time management †¢ Problem Solving and Decision making Due to the fact that different events will vary, the role of event coordinator will depend on the organization and type of event involved. Typical tasks include: †¢ Liaising with clients to ensure their precise event requirements †¢ Creating detailed proposals for events such as timelines, venues, suppliers, legal obligations, staffing and the event budget †¢ Managing a budget, securing and booking a suitable venue or ... ... organiser: Salary and conditions, N.d) My recommendation In conclusion, as your Career Councilor I believe that a career path in Veterinary Science is more beneficial to you as you can receive up to $48,46/hour whereas in Events you are only able to make $24.95/hour. As a Veterinarian you would make up to twice as much in salary and you have the opportunity to save the lives of animals. When it comes to educational requirements the Veterinary Science process is far more specific compared to the vague and varied courses that you could take regarding events. This would entail that you are able to gain more knowledge during your undergraduate study and therefore it would be more satisfying in personal gain. Based solely on the educational benefits, salary difference and personal self-fulfillment I believe that Veterinary Sciences is a career you should pursue.